{"id":54980,"date":"2015-08-18T09:26:36","date_gmt":"2015-08-18T13:26:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.farmchemicalsinternational.com\/?p=54980"},"modified":"2019-09-25T06:31:04","modified_gmt":"2019-09-25T10:31:04","slug":"weed-resistance-creates-challenges-opportunities","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.agribusinessglobal.com\/es\/agrochemicals\/weed-resistance-creates-challenges-opportunities\/","title":{"rendered":"La resistencia a las malas hierbas crea desaf\u00edos y oportunidades"},"content":{"rendered":"

Por Santiago Zuberbuhler<\/strong>
\nGrupo Kleffmann<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Los agricultores argentinos est\u00e1n constantemente ampliando los l\u00edmites de las tierras cultivables. Los tratamientos generales aplicados para proteger sus cultivos representan un mercado en crecimiento valorado hoy en alrededor de $2.5 mil millones solo en agroqu\u00edmicos. Casi 65% de ese valor est\u00e1 destinado al control de malezas.
\nEn 2014, se cultivaron 33 millones de hect\u00e1reas con cultivos extensivos, y aproximadamente 60% de esa \u00e1rea estaba representada por soja.<\/p>\n

\"Kleffman-Map_1\"

Los mapas muestran las hect\u00e1reas superdesarrolladas tratadas contra Conyza bonariensis entre 2009 y 2014. En 2009, se trataron menos de 250.000 hect\u00e1reas. Con el tiempo, la intensidad de los tratamientos ha aumentado hasta el punto que en 2014 se trataron m\u00e1s de 4 millones de hect\u00e1reas de \u00e1rea desarrollada. Fuente: Investigaci\u00f3n y datos del panel AMIS del Grupo Kleffmann<\/p><\/div>\n

La evoluci\u00f3n de las malezas cultivables clave<\/strong>
\nAlentada por la ca\u00edda de los precios del glifosato, la agricultura sin labranza fue una t\u00e9cnica que cambi\u00f3 las reglas del juego en el panorama agr\u00edcola de Argentina a fines de la d\u00e9cada de 1990. Los agricultores argentinos se convirtieron en los primeros en adoptar la biotecnolog\u00eda Roundup Ready (RR) y r\u00e1pidamente los cultivos de soja RR colonizaron la mayor parte de la tierra cultivable de Argentina.
\nLa soja RR combinada con glifosato tuvo \u00e9xito como una soluci\u00f3n simple y rentable para el manejo de malezas durante los a\u00f1os noventa. Ninguna especie de maleza se present\u00f3 como un desaf\u00edo contra este enfoque. Durante casi 20 a\u00f1os, un uso generalizado y continuo de la misma estrategia, ahora tambi\u00e9n posible en cultivos RR de algod\u00f3n y ma\u00edz, produjo una alta presi\u00f3n de selecci\u00f3n sobre las poblaciones de malezas, dando lugar a las propias especies de malezas resistentes al glifosato de la naturaleza.
\nConyza bonariensis<\/em> fue la primera maleza tolerante que surgi\u00f3 del uso intensivo de glifosato. Conyza<\/em> no es realmente resistente al glifosato, pero una vez que alcanza un cierto tama\u00f1o, no se ve afectado por su acci\u00f3n qu\u00edmica. Esta maleza se origin\u00f3 en el sur de las provincias de C\u00f3rdoba y Santa Fe, y en el norte de Buenos Aires. Este proceso de colonizaci\u00f3n sigui\u00f3 al retroceso de los cultivos de invierno, que estaban siendo abandonados por los productores debido a la implementaci\u00f3n de cuotas de exportaci\u00f3n de trigo. Luego, Conyza<\/em> se expandi\u00f3 r\u00e1pidamente al resto del pa\u00eds, emergiendo en menos de cinco a\u00f1os, como la maleza m\u00e1s atacada en Argentina.
\nSorgo halepense<\/em> es otro ejemplo interesante. La biotecnolog\u00eda RR se convirti\u00f3 en la soluci\u00f3n para controlar esta hierba progresiva en los a\u00f1os 90. Despu\u00e9s de 15 a\u00f1os de control exitoso, aparecieron los primeros individuos resistentes al glifosato, lo que requiri\u00f3 un nuevo enfoque para el manejo de malezas.
\nAmaranthus<\/em> ha surgido como una de las malezas resistentes al glifosato m\u00e1s recientes, y es un gran ejemplo de la r\u00e1pida tasa de colonizaci\u00f3n de territorios que logran las malezas, una vez que se vuelven resistentes.<\/p>\n

\"The

Los mapas anteriores muestran el \u00e1rea superdesarrollada que se est\u00e1 gestionando para la resistencia de las especies de sorgo y amaranto en 2014. La extensi\u00f3n del \u00e1rea tratada ha aumentado r\u00e1pidamente desde 2009.<\/p><\/div>\n

El camino por delante<\/strong>
\nEn la \u00faltima d\u00e9cada, los agricultores argentinos casi han triplicado su esfuerzo econ\u00f3mico en el manejo de malezas en los cultivos de soja, de una base de $20 por hect\u00e1rea en el a\u00f1o de cosecha 2005, a $60 por hect\u00e1rea en el a\u00f1o de cosecha 2014. Este aumento en los costos se explica por cuatro impulsores: precios de los productos, ajustes de dosis, n\u00famero de tratamientos por hect\u00e1rea y variaciones en la calidad general de la paleta de herbicidas. De los cuatro, solo los precios son externos al agricultor. Los tres restantes son cambios en la forma en que los agricultores manejan sus problemas de malezas y representan el 70% del incremento en los costos. Este uso temprano y generalizado de la tecnolog\u00eda ya les est\u00e1 costando a los agricultores un promedio de $28 por hect\u00e1rea por a\u00f1o, lo que suma m\u00e1s de 500 millones de d\u00f3lares por a\u00f1o. Esto significa que para preservar esta tecnolog\u00eda para el futuro, los agricultores deben tomar un papel activo al considerar cuidadosamente su uso y no dejar que la industria la maneje sola.
\nEn los pr\u00f3ximos a\u00f1os, la l\u00ednea de investigaci\u00f3n y desarrollo ofrecer\u00e1 nuevas tecnolog\u00edas y una nueva generaci\u00f3n de agricultores j\u00f3venes y con mayor nivel educativo estar\u00e1 lista para utilizarlas. Esta combinaci\u00f3n de tecnolog\u00eda y agricultores j\u00f3venes educados brinda importantes oportunidades para crear nuevos productos y plataformas agron\u00f3micas que ayuden a que los sistemas de producci\u00f3n evolucionen sobre la base de la sostenibilidad de los recursos tanto tecnol\u00f3gicos como ecol\u00f3gicos.<\/p>\n

Santiago Zuberbuhler es gerente de cuentas clave en Kleffmann Argentina. Se le puede contactar en Santiago.zuberbuhler@kleffmann.com<\/a>. Kleffmann Group, una consultora global de investigaci\u00f3n y datos, ofrece an\u00e1lisis mensuales a <\/em>FCI basado en sus encuestas a los agricultores en el pa\u00eds. Visite nuestro sitio web para obtener archivos de los informes de mercado de Kleffmann.<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Por Santiago Zuberbuhler Kleffmann Group Los agricultores argentinos est\u00e1n constantemente ampliando los l\u00edmites de la tierra cultivable. Los tratamientos generales aplicados a ...<\/p>","protected":false},"author":112,"featured_media":55019,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,26,19,5],"tags":[914,54,170,594],"class_list":["post-54980","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-agrochemicals","category-americas","category-herbicides","category-markets","tag-argentina","tag-featured-home","tag-glyphosate","tag-sorghum"],"yoast_head":"\nWeed Resistance Creates Challenges, Opportunities - AgriBusiness Global<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"By Santiago Zuberbuhler Kleffmann Group Argentinean farmers are constantly pushing the boundaries of arable land. 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