{"id":134351,"date":"2023-11-01T08:18:10","date_gmt":"2023-11-01T12:18:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.agribusinessglobal.com\/?p=134351"},"modified":"2026-03-25T10:01:39","modified_gmt":"2026-03-25T14:01:39","slug":"progression-of-crop-protection-formulations-from-conventional-through-micro-based-to-nano-formulations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.agribusinessglobal.com\/pt\/agrochemicals\/progression-of-crop-protection-formulations-from-conventional-through-micro-based-to-nano-formulations\/","title":{"rendered":"Progress\u00e3o de formula\u00e7\u00f5es de prote\u00e7\u00e3o de cultivos de convencionais para formula\u00e7\u00f5es baseadas em micro e nano"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sem o uso de pesticidas, haveria uma perda de 78% na produ\u00e7\u00e3o de frutas, uma perda de 54% na produ\u00e7\u00e3o de vegetais e uma perda de 32% na produ\u00e7\u00e3o de cereais.1\u00a0<\/sup>\u00c0 medida que os \u00f3rg\u00e3os reguladores e as press\u00f5es dos consumidores exigem que os agricultores reduzam os danos ambientais da agricultura, novas estrat\u00e9gias para formula\u00e7\u00f5es que incluem nanotecnologia, microencapsula\u00e7\u00e3o e melhorias nas formula\u00e7\u00f5es tradicionais est\u00e3o surgindo rapidamente.<\/p>\n

Nanopesticidas: Nanoativos e Nanocarreadores \u2014 Abordagem Emergente para Formula\u00e7\u00f5es Ag<\/h2>\n

A ind\u00fastria farmac\u00eautica tem utilizado nanotecnologia por muitos anos, e agora ela foi introduzida no setor agr\u00edcola. \u00c9 uma tecnologia onde nanopart\u00edculas extremamente pequenas est\u00e3o envolvidas. Nanopart\u00edculas s\u00e3o pequenas mol\u00e9culas cujos tamanhos variam entre 1-100 nm e possuem muitas propriedades f\u00edsicas, qu\u00edmicas, t\u00e9rmicas, \u00f3pticas, magn\u00e9ticas e biol\u00f3gicas din\u00e2micas.<\/p>\n

Essas part\u00edculas t\u00eam uma grande rela\u00e7\u00e3o superf\u00edcie-volume, e suas propriedades f\u00edsico-qu\u00edmicas diferem dos materiais a granel. Muitos cientistas acreditam que uma redu\u00e7\u00e3o adicional de ingredientes ativos na faixa nano ou a ado\u00e7\u00e3o de uma nova tecnologia de entrega de nanocarreadores pode aumentar significativamente a efic\u00e1cia e a efici\u00eancia dos pesticidas quando comparados com seus an\u00e1logos de pesticidas convencionais pelas seguintes raz\u00f5es:<\/p>\n

1) Tamanhos menores aumentam a \u00e1rea de superf\u00edcie, levando a mais contato com os alvos;<\/em><\/p>\n

2) Melhor e mais r\u00e1pida penetra\u00e7\u00e3o\/absor\u00e7\u00e3o nos alvos;<\/em><\/p>\n

3) Menor perda prematura de pesticidas antes de atingir as metas.2<\/sup><\/em><\/p>\n

Em nanoformula\u00e7\u00f5es, ingredientes ativos podem ser usados em tamanhos nano ou nanocarreadores podem ser utilizados.<\/p>\n

A entrega controlada de mol\u00e9culas de ingredientes ativos para fertiliza\u00e7\u00e3o e prote\u00e7\u00e3o de cultivos usando nanoc\u00e1psulas nanoengenheiradas (ou nanocarreadores) \u00e9 atualmente a aplica\u00e7\u00e3o mais representativa da nanotecnologia na agricultura.3<\/sup>\u00a0Os nanocarreadores podem ser produzidos por atrito ou s\u00edntese, e ent\u00e3o os compostos alvo podem ser incorporados ao carreador.<\/p>\n

Nanos no Mercado<\/h2>\n

No mercado, j\u00e1 existem v\u00e1rios tipos de nanocarreadores dispon\u00edveis, incluindo silicato, pol\u00edmero de poliacrilato, argila e tubos de carbono\/grafeno. Os nanocarreadores podem fornecer metab\u00f3litos ou nutrientes importantes para um local espec\u00edfico em um momento apropriado. Um exemplo de nanoherbicida s\u00e3o as nanopart\u00edculas de poli (epsiloncaprolactona) encapsuladas em atrazina, que mostraram forte controle das esp\u00e9cies alvo, reduziram o n\u00edvel de genotoxicidade e tamb\u00e9m puderam diminuir significativamente a mobilidade da atrazina no solo.4<\/sup><\/p>\n

V\u00e1rias nanopart\u00edculas, como nanopart\u00edculas de ferrite de n\u00edquel e nanopart\u00edculas de cobre, t\u00eam fortes propriedades antif\u00fangicas e s\u00e3o efetivamente usadas no controle de doen\u00e7as.<\/p>\n

Para o tratamento de infec\u00e7\u00f5es virais, nanopart\u00edculas de quitosana, nanopart\u00edculas de \u00f3xido de zinco e nanopart\u00edculas de s\u00edlica demonstraram ser altamente eficazes, enquanto nanopart\u00edculas de prata s\u00e3o amplamente utilizadas por sua propriedade antimicrobiana contra uma ampla gama de fitopat\u00f3genos.5<\/sup><\/p>\n

A aplica\u00e7\u00e3o foliar de nanofertilizantes \u00e9 o m\u00e9todo mais eficiente que equilibra defici\u00eancias de nutrientes e melhora o rendimento e a qualidade da colheita, diminuindo efetivamente a quantidade de fertilizante usada. Pesquisadores relataram que nanopart\u00edculas maiores que 10 nm podem penetrar atrav\u00e9s dos est\u00f4matos. Esses fertilizantes s\u00e3o considerados sistemas de entrega inteligentes devido \u00e0 sua alta capacidade de absor\u00e7\u00e3o e maior rela\u00e7\u00e3o superf\u00edcie-volume.6<\/sup><\/p>\n

Nanopart\u00edculas de carbono, como grafeno, \u00f3xido de grafeno, pontos de carbono e fulerenos, s\u00e3o usadas para melhorar a germina\u00e7\u00e3o de sementes. Algumas outras nanopart\u00edculas usadas na agricultura s\u00e3o \u00f3xido de zinco, nanopart\u00edculas de \u00f3xido de cobre e nanopart\u00edculas magn\u00e9ticas.\u00a07<\/sup><\/p>\n

Muitas empresas ao redor do mundo est\u00e3o trabalhando para adotar a nanotecnologia na agricultura, algumas delas s\u00e3o start-ups e algumas delas tiveram sucesso comercial.<\/p>\n

Vive Crop Protection, Inc.<\/a>, uma empresa canadense, concentra-se em sistemas de entrega de precis\u00e3o para defensivos agr\u00edcolas e fertilizantes. A principal qu\u00edmica da empresa \u00e9 a nanotecnologia baseada em copol\u00edmeros de acrilato, chamada Allosperse. O Allosperse \u00e9 uma plataforma de entrega de nanopart\u00edculas usada para ajudar os agricultores a obter melhor extra\u00e7\u00e3o de valor, aprimorando a efic\u00e1cia da prote\u00e7\u00e3o de cultivos e da utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de fertilizantes. Uma marca conhecida que utiliza essa tecnologia \u00e9 a AZterknot.<\/p>\n

Com sede nos Estados Unidos\u00a0Rendimento Aqu\u00e1tico<\/a>\u00a0utiliza tecnologia patenteada de nanocarreadores que liga mol\u00e9culas de fertilizantes ou de prote\u00e7\u00e3o de cultivos para melhor ades\u00e3o e penetra\u00e7\u00e3o em alvos. Essa tecnologia, NanoPro e NanoN+, pode ser adicionada a produtos como adjuvantes em lata ou usada em uma mistura de tanque.<\/p>\n

A nanotecnologia ainda est\u00e1 nos est\u00e1gios iniciais de desenvolvimento, e apenas algumas empresas, como as listadas acima, t\u00eam produtos no mercado atualmente. Ela tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 muito mais aplic\u00e1vel a mol\u00e9culas qu\u00edmicas pequenas do que a microbianos, cujos tamanhos s\u00e3o geralmente de 300-5.000 nm, significativamente acima dos tamanhos de nanopart\u00edculas de 1-100 nm.<\/p>\n

Microencapsula\u00e7\u00e3o \u2013 Um passo acima das formula\u00e7\u00f5es tradicionais<\/h2>\n

Nos \u00faltimos anos, a microencapsula\u00e7\u00e3o (CS) vem ganhando popularidade. As formula\u00e7\u00f5es de CS s\u00e3o tipicamente usadas para ingredientes ativos t\u00f3xicos e l\u00e1beis, que s\u00e3o encapsulados por um material de casca polim\u00e9rica, n\u00e3o apenas para melhorar a seguran\u00e7a do usu\u00e1rio ao diminuir a exposi\u00e7\u00e3o, mas tamb\u00e9m para melhorar a efic\u00e1cia do pesticida ao regular a taxa de libera\u00e7\u00e3o e proteger ingredientes ativos sens\u00edveis de v\u00e1rios fatores ambientais, como a luz solar.<\/p>\n

Por exemplo, h\u00e1 muitos produtos CS comerciais dispon\u00edveis no mercado para pendimetalina, n\u00e3o apenas para melhorar o manuseio, mas tamb\u00e9m para atingir melhor efic\u00e1cia de campo controlando a taxa de libera\u00e7\u00e3o. Marcas famosas s\u00e3o Alcance SyncTCE<\/sup>\u00a0de\u00a0FMC<\/a>\u00a0e Stomp de\u00a0BASF<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Dependendo da natureza do material do inv\u00f3lucro polim\u00e9rico, alguns deles podem at\u00e9 mesmo fornecer propriedades de ades\u00e3o para permanecer melhor no alvo pulverizado, reduzindo assim o rolamento e a perda de pesticida devido \u00e0 lavagem pela chuva.<\/p>\n

Embora as formula\u00e7\u00f5es de CS tenham efic\u00e1cia muito melhorada em compara\u00e7\u00e3o a outras formula\u00e7\u00f5es convencionais, o tamanho das part\u00edculas dos ingredientes ativos encapsulados ainda est\u00e1 na faixa de m\u00edcrons, o que impacta negativamente sua penetra\u00e7\u00e3o nas plantas.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/sup>Formula\u00e7\u00f5es Tradicionais \u2013 Tornando-se Mais Eficientes e Seguras<\/strong><\/h2>\n

O objetivo da formula\u00e7\u00e3o de pesticidas \u00e9 aumentar a efic\u00e1cia dos ingredientes ativos do pesticida, minimizando as consequ\u00eancias ambientais e garantindo a seguran\u00e7a tanto para agricultores quanto para consumidores. Essas formula\u00e7\u00f5es podem ser secas (por exemplo, p\u00f3s molh\u00e1veis (WP) e gr\u00e2nulos dispers\u00edveis em \u00e1gua (WDG) ou l\u00edquidas (por exemplo, concentrado de suspens\u00e3o (SC) e concentrado emulsion\u00e1vel (EC)).<\/p>\n

H\u00e1 uma percep\u00e7\u00e3o geral de que os WPs s\u00e3o f\u00e1ceis de produzir, mas s\u00e3o empoeirados, enquanto os WDGs t\u00eam menos problemas de poeira, mas s\u00e3o mais desafiadores de produzir e podem ter problemas com desintegra\u00e7\u00e3o de gr\u00e2nulos.<\/p>\n

As formula\u00e7\u00f5es l\u00edquidas, por outro lado, s\u00e3o geralmente mais f\u00e1ceis de aplicar e geralmente cont\u00eam adjuvantes incorporados por meio da adi\u00e7\u00e3o de adjuvantes.<\/h2>\n

Na \u00faltima d\u00e9cada, os SCs ganharam popularidade superando muitos desafios, incluindo forma\u00e7\u00e3o de crescimento de cristais, degrada\u00e7\u00e3o de ingredientes ativos e instabilidade de vida \u00fatil. Os ECs ainda s\u00e3o extremamente populares em muitas regi\u00f5es devido \u00e0 sua facilidade de produ\u00e7\u00e3o e aplica\u00e7\u00e3o. No entanto, \u00e0 medida que as folhas queimam em climas mais quentes e o escrut\u00ednio regulat\u00f3rio se afasta dos solventes vol\u00e1teis, h\u00e1 press\u00e3o para que os fabricantes se movam em dire\u00e7\u00e3o a outras formula\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p>\n

Uma quest\u00e3o fundamental para as formula\u00e7\u00f5es tradicionais de pesticidas \u00e9 a efic\u00e1cia extremamente baixa. De acordo com Zhao, et al.,8<\/sup>\u00a0menos de 0,1% de pesticida convencional aplicado \u00e9 utilizado por culturas\/insetos alvo devido \u00e0 deriva da pulveriza\u00e7\u00e3o, rolamento, deriva de poeira, lixivia\u00e7\u00e3o e degrada\u00e7\u00e3o do pesticida.<\/p>\n

Esfor\u00e7os significativos foram feitos nos \u00faltimos anos para melhorar a qualidade e a efic\u00e1cia das formula\u00e7\u00f5es tradicionais, incluindo inertes mais seguros e eficientes para aumentar a carga de ativos, a ades\u00e3o e a penetra\u00e7\u00e3o nas plantas, bem como aumentar a seguran\u00e7a para o meio ambiente e os aplicadores.<\/p>\n

Houve uma redu\u00e7\u00e3o lenta, mas constante, no uso de formula\u00e7\u00f5es WP e EC, com mais foco no SC (\u00e0 base de \u00e1gua) e WDG (granular para reduzir a forma\u00e7\u00e3o de poeira). Como os inertes geralmente criam mais de 90% da formula\u00e7\u00e3o, com os novos micropl\u00e1sticos dominando a Europa, h\u00e1 uma tend\u00eancia vis\u00edvel em dire\u00e7\u00e3o aos inertes de base biol\u00f3gica e biodegrad\u00e1veis para reduzir o impacto ambiental.<\/p>\n

Espera-se que nos pr\u00f3ximos anos haja ainda mais progresso, com o desenvolvimento acelerado de tecnologias de formula\u00e7\u00e3o mais eficientes com ingredientes inertes, que proporcionam melhor desempenho dos princ\u00edpios ativos, taxas de utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o significativamente reduzidas, maior efic\u00e1cia e seguran\u00e7a aprimorada, \u00e0 medida que a ind\u00fastria agr\u00edcola avan\u00e7a em dire\u00e7\u00e3o a tecnologias ainda mais avan\u00e7adas, como a microencapsula\u00e7\u00e3o e a nanotecnologia.<\/p>\n

Refer\u00eancias:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
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    Prasad, R., Bhattacharyya, A., & Nguyen, QD (2017). Nanotecnologia na agricultura sustent\u00e1vel: desenvolvimentos recentes, desafios e perspectivas.\u00a0Fronteiras em microbiologia<\/em>,\u00a08<\/em>, 1014.<\/h6>\n<\/li>\n
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    Pan\u00e1\u010dek, A., Kol\u00e1\u0159, M., Ve\u010de\u0159ov\u00e1, R., Prucek, R., Soukupov\u00e1, J., Kry\u0161tof, V.,\u2026 & Kv\u00edtek, L. (2009). Atividade antif\u00fangica de nanopart\u00edculas de prata contra Candida spp.\u00a0Biomateriais<\/em>,\u00a030<\/em>(31), 6333-6340.<\/h6>\n<\/li>\n
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    Hong, J., Wang, C., Wagner, DC, Gardea-Torresdey, JL, He, F., & Rico, CM (2021). Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o foliar de nanopart\u00edculas: mecanismos de absor\u00e7\u00e3o, transfer\u00eancia e impactos m\u00faltiplos.Ci\u00eancia Ambiental: Nano<\/em>,\u00a08<\/em>(5), 1196-1210.<\/h6>\n<\/li>\n
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    Baz, H., Creech, M., Chen, J., Gong, H., Bradford, K., & Huo, H. (2020). Nanopart\u00edculas de carbono sol\u00faveis em \u00e1gua melhoram a germina\u00e7\u00e3o de sementes e o crescimento p\u00f3s-germina\u00e7\u00e3o de alface sob estresse salino.Agronomia<\/em>,\u00a010<\/em>(8), 1192.<\/h6>\n<\/li>\n
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    Zhao, X., Cui, H., Wang, Y., Sun, C., Cui, B., & Zeng, Z. (2017). Estrat\u00e9gias de desenvolvimento e perspectivas de formula\u00e7\u00e3o de pesticida inteligente baseada em nano.\u00a0Revista de qu\u00edmica agr\u00edcola e alimentar<\/em>,\u00a066<\/em>(26), 6504-6512.<\/h6>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Sem o uso de pesticidas, haveria uma perda de 78% na produ\u00e7\u00e3o de frutas, uma perda de 54% na produ\u00e7\u00e3o de hortali\u00e7as,\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1477,"featured_media":134117,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,926],"tags":[1994],"class_list":["post-134351","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-agrochemicals","category-plant-health","tag-abg-direct-november-2023"],"yoast_head":"\nProgression of Crop Protection Formulations from Conventional Through Micro-based to Nano Formulations - AgriBusiness Global<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Without the use of pesticides, there would be a 78% loss of fruit production, a 54% loss of vegetable production, and a 32% loss of cereal production.1\u00a0As\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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