{"id":61446,"date":"2018-07-02T15:08:19","date_gmt":"2018-07-02T19:08:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.agribusinessglobal.com\/?p=61446"},"modified":"2018-07-02T15:08:19","modified_gmt":"2018-07-02T19:08:19","slug":"biorational-processes-in-biopesticide-discovery-and-development","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.agribusinessglobal.com\/pt\/biopesticides\/biorational-processes-in-biopesticide-discovery-and-development\/","title":{"rendered":"Processos bioracionais na descoberta e desenvolvimento de biopesticidas"},"content":{"rendered":"

As empresas agroqu\u00edmicas est\u00e3o expandindo seus portf\u00f3lios e P&D de biopesticidas, impulsionadas por requisitos regulat\u00f3rios mais rigorosos para pesticidas, pela conscientiza\u00e7\u00e3o do consumidor sobre os perigos causados por pesticidas qu\u00edmicos e pela elimina\u00e7\u00e3o gradual de pesticidas t\u00f3xicos convencionais.<\/p>\n

Um dos desafios cr\u00edticos desse processo \u00e9 a descoberta e o desenvolvimento de candidatos biopesticidas.<\/p>\n

A descoberta e o desenvolvimento de biopesticidas seguem um processo biorracional de reconhecimento\/descoberta e triagem, desde o desenvolvimento de produtos principais, formula\u00e7\u00e3o e aumento de escala at\u00e9 o desenvolvimento de aplica\u00e7\u00f5es, fabrica\u00e7\u00e3o e introdu\u00e7\u00e3o comercial.<\/p>\n

Processo bioracional:<\/strong> o design e a implementa\u00e7\u00e3o de processos de descoberta e desenvolvimento de biopesticidas por meio da triagem (e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de) efeitos biol\u00f3gicos espec\u00edficos (incluindo controle de pragas e pat\u00f3genos, al\u00edvio do estresse das culturas e maior resili\u00eancia das plantas) contra os pat\u00f3genos e pragas que pretendem controlar.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"Biorational-1\"

Figura 1: Processos de descoberta e desenvolvimento de biopesticidas.<\/p><\/div>\n

Escoteiro de biopesticida<\/h2>\n

Explora\u00e7\u00e3o de biopesticidas:<\/strong> a identifica\u00e7\u00e3o de esp\u00e9cies candidatas naturais com atividade biopesticida \u2014 inclui observa\u00e7\u00e3o em campo (a identifica\u00e7\u00e3o de plantas que apresentam crescimento natural excepcional ou respostas de defesa contra pragas), bem como indicadores etnobot\u00e2nicos, anat\u00f4micos e fisiol\u00f3gicos para identificar potenciais candidatos.<\/p>\n

Etnobot\u00e2nica:<\/strong> o estudo cient\u00edfico do conhecimento e costumes tradicionais relativos \u00e0s plantas e seus usos.<\/em><\/p>\n

Descoberta de bioinseticida<\/h2>\n

Antecedendo o desenvolvimento de pesticidas sint\u00e9ticos durante e ap\u00f3s a Segunda Guerra Mundial, a etnobot\u00e2nica de pesticidas derivados de plantas \u2014 principalmente inseticidas \u2014 remonta a pelo menos dois mil anos na \u00c1sia e nas regi\u00f5es do Mediterr\u00e2neo. Na Europa e na Am\u00e9rica do Norte, os pesticidas derivados de plantas datam de mais de 150 anos.<\/p>\n

Um dos exemplos de bioinseticidas etnobot\u00e2nicos mais citados \u00e9 o uso de plantas do g\u00eanero Pyrethrum (hoje classificadas como Chrysanthemum ou Tanacetum) em prepara\u00e7\u00f5es inseticidas, que remontam \u00e0 P\u00e9rsia por volta de 400 a.C. Trazidas para a Europa no in\u00edcio do s\u00e9culo XIX, flores secas e mo\u00eddas de cris\u00e2ntemo d\u00e1lmata (Tanacetum cinerariaefolium<\/em>) foram usados para controlar piolhos do corpo durante as Guerras Napole\u00f4nicas. Hoje, o piretr\u00f3ide e seus an\u00e1logos sint\u00e9ticos piretroides est\u00e3o entre os inseticidas biol\u00f3gicos e convencionais mais amplamente usados.<\/p>\n

Neem (Azadirachta indica<\/em>) \u00e9 uma \u00e1rvore perene nativa do subcontinente indiano, usada h\u00e1 milhares de anos contra pragas dom\u00e9sticas e de armazenamento, bem como pragas relacionadas a planta\u00e7\u00f5es, e atualmente atraindo aten\u00e7\u00e3o global devido ao seu potencial como biopesticida comercial.<\/p>\n

Descoberta de biofungicidas<\/h2>\n

Em 1988, cientistas da Alemanha Oriental foram encarregados da produ\u00e7\u00e3o de esporos do fungo patog\u00eanico das plantas, Esclerotinia trifoliorum<\/em>, descobriu que um parasita f\u00fangico inibia o pat\u00f3geno. Reconhecendo seu potencial como um processo pesticida natural, C. minitans<\/em> foi desenvolvido com sucesso como um biopesticida comercial por seus descobridores, ap\u00f3s a reunifica\u00e7\u00e3o da Alemanha.<\/p>\n

A descoberta de que micr\u00f3bios n\u00e3o patog\u00eanicos podem induzir respostas de defesa das plantas n\u00e3o \u00e9, sem d\u00favida, nova. Meu av\u00f4 \u2014 famoso por suas rosas que nunca pareciam ser afligidas por mofo \u2014 seguiria dele<\/em> seguindo o exemplo do av\u00f4, borrife restos de cerveja ricos em fermento sobre suas rosas.<\/p>\n

Agora entendemos que a exposi\u00e7\u00e3o de c\u00e9lulas de levedura f\u00fangica \u00e0s folhas das plantas leva \u00e0 indu\u00e7\u00e3o de respostas de defesa das plantas, pois as plantas acreditam estar sob invas\u00e3o de um potencial pat\u00f3geno f\u00fangico.<\/p>\n

O banco de dados de pesticidas da UE para Subst\u00e2ncias B\u00e1sicas (subst\u00e2ncias com baixo perfil de toxicidade n\u00e3o utilizadas predominantemente para fins de prote\u00e7\u00e3o de plantas, mas que podem ser \u00fateis na prote\u00e7\u00e3o de plantas) inclui a Cerveja como uma das \u00fanicas 18 subst\u00e2ncias aprovadas, enquanto uma das \u00fanicas 10 Subst\u00e2ncias Ativas de Baixo Risco aprovadas \u00e9 a Levedura de Cerveja (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) \u2014 aprovada para uso como fungicida.<\/em><\/p>\n

Num exemplo mais recente, os agricultores do Burkina Faso est\u00e3o \u2014 juntamente com investigadores da Universidade de Copenhaga \u2014 a testar os efeitos de uma planta local (False Daisy, Eclipta alba<\/em>) descobertos como contendo compostos antif\u00fangicos, para desenvolver extratos vegetais baratos capazes de substituir fungicidas sint\u00e9ticos.<\/p>\n

A descoberta de biofungicidas est\u00e1 sendo conduzida atualmente usando ferramentas de biotecnologia, incluindo o monitoramento da express\u00e3o gen\u00e9tica relacionada \u00e0 defesa, prote\u00ednas relacionadas \u00e0 patog\u00eanese, bioinform\u00e1tica (coleta, classifica\u00e7\u00e3o, armazenamento e an\u00e1lise de informa\u00e7\u00f5es bioqu\u00edmicas e biol\u00f3gicas usando computadores) e an\u00e1lise gen\u00f4mica.<\/p>\n

Descoberta de bioherbicidas<\/h2>\n

A descoberta de bioherbicidas normalmente envolve o estudo de processos bioqu\u00edmicos espec\u00edficos de plantas, incluindo fotoss\u00edntese, bioss\u00edntese de amino\u00e1cidos, bioss\u00edntese de clorofila e carotenoides e regula\u00e7\u00e3o do crescimento (fito-horm\u00f4nios).<\/p>\n

Nossa crescente compreens\u00e3o desses processos espec\u00edficos de plantas est\u00e1 facilitando a identifica\u00e7\u00e3o de novos locais de a\u00e7\u00e3o de herbicidas, permitindo a triagem e o desenvolvimento de metab\u00f3litos bioherbicidamente ativos com baixa toxicidade em mam\u00edferos, menor persist\u00eancia ambiental e nova especificidade de alvo.<\/p>\n

Desenvolvimento de Biopesticida Lead<\/h2>\n

No desenvolvimento de biopesticidas, micr\u00f3bios isolados de microbiomas de solo e plantas associados a plantas que mostram crescimento excepcional ou respostas naturais de defesa contra pragas s\u00e3o sequenciados e comparados com um banco de dados de pat\u00f3genos conhecidos. As correspond\u00eancias s\u00e3o descartadas, enquanto o restante faz a transi\u00e7\u00e3o para a triagem de bioensaios para identificar efeitos bioestimulat\u00f3rios ou biopesticidas.<\/p>\n

Os potenciais clientes s\u00e3o analisados e caracterizados para garantir a aus\u00eancia de toxinas, antes de embarcar em um processo de testes de laborat\u00f3rio e campo, desenvolvimento do processo de fermenta\u00e7\u00e3o, formula\u00e7\u00e3o e aumento de escala.<\/p>\n

Cada uma das etapas neste processo de desenvolvimento biorracional est\u00e1 sujeita a desafios consider\u00e1veis, mas para o desenvolvimento de pesticidas biol\u00f3gicos a transi\u00e7\u00e3o do laborat\u00f3rio para o teste de campo \u00e9 uma das mais cruciais. A correla\u00e7\u00e3o entre um resultado de estufa e um resultado de campo n\u00e3o \u00e9 necessariamente um dado.<\/p>\n

Isso se deve em parte \u00e0 complexidade de fatores bi\u00f3ticos e abi\u00f3ticos que afetam as caracter\u00edsticas microbianas e \u00e0 estabilidade transit\u00f3ria da formula\u00e7\u00e3o de metab\u00f3litos e micr\u00f3bios derivados naturalmente. O \u00faltimo fator \u2014 degrada\u00e7\u00e3o r\u00e1pida por luz ultravioleta, oxig\u00eanio e atividade microbiana \u2014 contribui para uma persist\u00eancia ambiental mais curta, um fator-chave que impulsiona a aceita\u00e7\u00e3o de biopesticidas.<\/p>\n

Para produtos qu\u00edmicos convencionais, o tempo de desenvolvimento pode ser tr\u00eas vezes maior do que para o desenvolvimento de prote\u00e7\u00e3o biol\u00f3gica de cultivos, enquanto as despesas podem ser at\u00e9 10 vezes maiores.<\/p>\n

\"Biorational-2\"

Figura 2: Custos de inova\u00e7\u00e3o e cronogramas para o desenvolvimento de prote\u00e7\u00e3o de culturas convencionais e biol\u00f3gicas (de: FMC \u2013 Investor Relations Solutions, 2015).<\/p><\/div>\n

N\u00fameros da ind\u00fastria sugerem que o processo de P&D para um novo pesticida sint\u00e9tico custa mais de 250 milh\u00f5es de d\u00f3lares e requer 10 anos de desenvolvimento, enquanto o desenvolvimento de um biopesticida pode custar 25 milh\u00f5es de d\u00f3lares e exigir tr\u00eas anos de desenvolvimento.
\nDevido a essas diferen\u00e7as, startups de agroqu\u00edmicos e outras empresas locais inovadoras criaram um ambiente robusto e competitivo para a descoberta e o desenvolvimento de biopesticidas, e a atual onda de aquisi\u00e7\u00f5es, colabora\u00e7\u00f5es e acordos de licenciamento com a ind\u00fastria agroqu\u00edmica tradicional testemunham uma simbiose cont\u00ednua no campo de P&D de biopesticidas.<\/p>\n

Obrigado pela leitura. Sinta-se \u00e0 vontade para leia e compartilhe meus outros artigos<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Para mais informa\u00e7\u00f5es, visite Solu\u00e7\u00f5es de Bioci\u00eancias<\/a>, que contribui para o desenvolvimento de solu\u00e7\u00f5es sustent\u00e1veis de prote\u00e7\u00e3o de cultivos, fornecendo gerenciamento estrat\u00e9gico independente de P&D e suporte cient\u00edfico para empresas de agroqu\u00edmica e biossolu\u00e7\u00f5es que desenvolvem produtos baseados em ci\u00eancia.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

As empresas agroqu\u00edmicas est\u00e3o expandindo seus portf\u00f3lios e P&D de biopesticidas, impulsionadas por requisitos regulat\u00f3rios de pesticidas mais rigorosos, conscientiza\u00e7\u00e3o do consumidor sobre os perigos causados...<\/p>","protected":false},"author":110,"featured_media":61449,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-61446","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biopesticides"],"yoast_head":"\nBiorational Processes in Biopesticide Discovery and Development - AgriBusiness Global<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Agchem companies are expanding their biopesticide R&D and portfolios, driven by stricter pesticide regulatory requirements, consumer awareness\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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