{"id":62019,"date":"2018-11-08T08:01:18","date_gmt":"2018-11-08T13:01:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.agribusinessglobal.com\/?p=62019"},"modified":"2021-06-14T15:35:15","modified_gmt":"2021-06-14T19:35:15","slug":"the-meteoric-rise-of-genomics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.agribusinessglobal.com\/pt\/agrochemicals\/seeds-traits\/the-meteoric-rise-of-genomics\/","title":{"rendered":"A ascens\u00e3o mete\u00f3rica da gen\u00f4mica"},"content":{"rendered":"

Cientistas est\u00e3o fazendo avan\u00e7os incr\u00edveis na cria\u00e7\u00e3o de solu\u00e7\u00f5es de melhoria de culturas agr\u00edcolas de longo prazo por meio da modifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos materiais gen\u00e9ticos das culturas na produ\u00e7\u00e3o de sementes. Embora controverso para alguns, o objetivo \u00e9 dar aos agricultores acesso a culturas que produzem mais, com uma depend\u00eancia reduzida de pesticidas, ao mesmo tempo em que se tornam mais resistentes \u00e0 seca.<\/p>\n

Novas tecnologias de engenharia gen\u00e9tica, como a edi\u00e7\u00e3o de genoma CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) e RTDS (Rapid Trait Development System), est\u00e3o tornando poss\u00edvel modificar organismos vivos de maneiras espec\u00edficas com mais facilidade.<\/p>\n

De acordo com a Heinrich Boll Foundation, sediada em Berlim, mais de 1.000 centros de pesquisa est\u00e3o gerando dados sobre sequ\u00eancias de genoma em um ritmo alucinante. At\u00e9 2025, haver\u00e1 mais dados sobre gen\u00f4mica do que sobre astronomia, afirma.<\/p>\n

Identificar e patentear as principais sequ\u00eancias gen\u00e9ticas em culturas agr\u00edcolas j\u00e1 est\u00e1 em andamento h\u00e1 algum tempo, mas incorporar sequ\u00eancias em culturas vivas \u00e9 a nova tecnologia que est\u00e1 mudando a ind\u00fastria. N\u00e3o \u00e9 tanto ler genomas, mas sim a capacidade de escrever e reescrever DNA. Uma lista crescente de t\u00e9cnicas de engenharia gen\u00e9tica baseadas em "edi\u00e7\u00e3o gen\u00e9tica" r\u00e1pida e flex\u00edvel e s\u00edntese de DNA prometem que os c\u00f3digos de DNA de culturas podem ser facilmente remodelados usando ferramentas digitais e laboratoriais.<\/p>\n

Tecnologia CRISPR<\/h2>\n

Em Long Island, Nova York, cientistas pesquisadores do Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) est\u00e3o conectando o poder inexplorado da edi\u00e7\u00e3o do genoma para melhorar as planta\u00e7\u00f5es. Ele est\u00e1 permitindo que cientistas pesquisadores alterem facilmente sequ\u00eancias de DNA e modifiquem a fun\u00e7\u00e3o do gene. Atualmente usando tomates, o CSHL mobilizou a tecnologia CRISPR \u2014 segmentos de mol\u00e9culas de \u00e1cido nucleico capazes de aumentar ou diminuir express\u00f5es gen\u00e9ticas espec\u00edficas dentro das plantas \u2014 para gerar rapidamente variantes da planta. Ele pode exibir um amplo espectro de tr\u00eas caracter\u00edsticas agr\u00edcolas separadas, mas cruciais, para melhor rendimento: formato da planta, tamanho do fruto e arquitetura de ramifica\u00e7\u00e3o. Suas muitas aplica\u00e7\u00f5es potenciais incluem a corre\u00e7\u00e3o de defeitos gen\u00e9ticos e o tratamento e preven\u00e7\u00e3o da dissemina\u00e7\u00e3o de doen\u00e7as. O m\u00e9todo \u00e9 projetado para funcionar em todas as culturas de combust\u00edvel, ra\u00e7\u00e3o e alimentos, incluindo trigo, milho, arroz e sorgo.<\/p>\n

Ao usar a tecnologia CRISPR para alterar sequ\u00eancias regulat\u00f3rias, a equipe do CSHL est\u00e1 tendo um impacto mais sutil em caracter\u00edsticas quantitativas. O que est\u00e1 beneficiando a agricultura comercial \u00e9 a flexibilidade das varia\u00e7\u00f5es gen\u00e9ticas produzidas em CRISPR em vez de deletar ou inativar as prote\u00ednas que elas codificam... e \u00e9 mais prov\u00e1vel que forne\u00e7a para melhorar as caracter\u00edsticas de rendimento.<\/p>\n

\u201cO que demonstramos com cada uma das caracter\u00edsticas foi a capacidade de usar CRISPR para gerar novas varia\u00e7\u00f5es gen\u00e9ticas e de caracter\u00edsticas que os criadores podem usar para adaptar uma planta \u00e0s condi\u00e7\u00f5es\u201d, diz o pesquisador-chefe e professor da CSHL Zachary Lippman em um comunicado \u00e0 imprensa da empresa. \u201cCada caracter\u00edstica agora pode ser controlada da mesma forma que um interruptor dimmer controla uma l\u00e2mpada, trabalhando com o DNA nativo e aprimorando o que a natureza forneceu, o que acreditamos que pode ajudar a quebrar as barreiras de rendimento.\u201d<\/p>\n

Rendimento10 Bioci\u00eancias<\/a><\/h2>\n

Outra empresa l\u00edder no campo da agritech \u00e9 a Yield10 Bioscience, sediada em Boston, que abriu em janeiro de 2017. Ela tamb\u00e9m opera o Oilseeds Center of Excellence em Saskatchewan, Canad\u00e1. A empresa est\u00e1 focada no desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias para alcan\u00e7ar melhorias radicais na produtividade das colheitas para aumentar a seguran\u00e7a alimentar global.<\/p>\n

\u201cN\u00f3s surgimos do principal programa de pesquisa em ci\u00eancia de cultivos da Metabolix, redirecionando o fluxo de carbono em sistemas vivos para produzir produtos e, em 2016, nos reestruturamos e reformulamos a marca em torno da miss\u00e3o da ci\u00eancia de cultivos\u201d, Dr. Oliver P. Peoples, Presidente e CEO da Rendimento10<\/a>, diz.<\/p>\n

O Yield10 se concentrou em identificar novos tra\u00e7os para aumentar o rendimento inerente das culturas nas principais culturas comerciais em linha da Am\u00e9rica do Norte, incluindo canola, soja e milho. Embora a introdu\u00e7\u00e3o de tra\u00e7os de OGM para resist\u00eancia a pesticidas e herbicidas tenha aumentado o rendimento dessas culturas, Peoples diz que melhorias adicionais significativas no rendimento podem ser alcan\u00e7adas por meio dos complementos do Yield10.<\/p>\n

\u201cCanola, soja e milho s\u00e3o os mercados mais valiosos para sementes biotecnol\u00f3gicas avan\u00e7adas\u201d, diz Peoples. \u201cEssas culturas comerciais s\u00e3o atualmente OGM para toler\u00e2ncia a herbicidas ou resist\u00eancia a pragas, e estamos desenvolvendo novas caracter\u00edsticas de rendimento para empilhar no germoplasma de elite existente. \u00c9 aqui que achamos que nossa tecnologia pode ter o maior impacto.\u201d<\/p>\n

Em 2017, a Yield10 assinou uma licen\u00e7a de pesquisa com a Monsanto para testar o C3003, um novo gene de caracter\u00edstica de rendimento, em seu programa de desenvolvimento de soja. Ela tamb\u00e9m est\u00e1 desenvolvendo uma s\u00e9rie de caracter\u00edsticas para aumentar o teor de \u00f3leo em culturas de sementes oleaginosas que s\u00e3o acess\u00edveis usando edi\u00e7\u00e3o de genoma. "A aceita\u00e7\u00e3o da edi\u00e7\u00e3o de genoma em geografias fora dos EUA pode estender o alcance de nossas tecnologias de rendimento de culturas", diz Peoples.<\/p>\n

A Monsanto introduziu recentemente sementes de algod\u00e3o e soja geneticamente modificadas que podem resistir ao herbicida dicamba. Esses produtos capturaram mais de 20% de campos de soja dos EUA e 50% de campos de algod\u00e3o dos EUA em apenas dois anos, de acordo com dados da Monsanto. Ela est\u00e1 mirando mais de 50% do mercado de soja dos EUA em 2019.<\/p>\n

\u201cH\u00e1 v\u00e1rias empresas que produzem sementes geneticamente modificadas\u201d, diz Scott Partridge, vice-presidente de estrat\u00e9gia global da Monsanto. \u201cEles podem escolher n\u00e3o usar nossos produtos se quiserem, mas queremos garantir que eles tenham essa escolha.\u201d<\/p>\n

O Yield10 se diferencia por seu foco fundamental em \u201cconstruir plantas melhores\u201d com base em engenharia metab\u00f3lica avan\u00e7ada para descobrir e implantar novos genes de caracter\u00edsticas de rendimento que melhoram a efici\u00eancia da fotoss\u00edntese e a convers\u00e3o de carbono fixo em semente ou biomassa, diz Peoples. \u201cAl\u00e9m disso, a tecnologia de edi\u00e7\u00e3o de genoma CRISPR e sua classifica\u00e7\u00e3o como uma ferramenta de melhoramento molecular tem o potencial de acelerar significativamente o desenvolvimento e a comercializa\u00e7\u00e3o de novas caracter\u00edsticas para culturas comerciais em linha e culturas especiais\u201d, acrescenta. \u201cAgora, a chave \u00e9 identificar novos genes alvos para edi\u00e7\u00e3o. O Yield10 tem um rico pipeline de caracter\u00edsticas em desenvolvimento que planeja testar sozinho e em combina\u00e7\u00e3o para identificar as caracter\u00edsticas de melhoria de rendimento mais promissoras para comercializa\u00e7\u00e3o.\u201d<\/p>\n

Tecnologia Cibus Global RTDS<\/h2>\n

Capitalizando no piv\u00f4 que ocorre dentro do melhoramento de culturas em si devido ao custo do desenvolvimento de culturas transg\u00eanicas, juntamente com uma crescente falta de aceita\u00e7\u00e3o global para essas tecnologias, est\u00e1 a Cibus Global, sediada em San Diego. Com a ind\u00fastria mudando de seu foco hist\u00f3rico na tecnologia transg\u00eanica para o novo campo de melhoramento n\u00e3o transg\u00eanico por meio de mutag\u00eanese direcionada, a Cibus est\u00e1 ajustando uma tecnologia de edi\u00e7\u00e3o gen\u00e9tica que melhora a resili\u00eancia de uma cultura, permanecendo cuidadosamente fora da linha de OGM.<\/p>\n

A Cibus desenvolveu o avan\u00e7ado sistema de melhoramento n\u00e3o transg\u00eanico RTDS, que \u00e9 conhecido por sua abordagem n\u00e3o-OGM. \u201cNossa primeira safra comercial, SU Canola, \u00e9 uma safra tolerante a herbicidas que \u00e9 mais robusta e menos suscet\u00edvel a estilha\u00e7os quando as plantas se desfazem no ch\u00e3o\u201d, diz James Radtke, que supervisiona o desenvolvimento de produtos da Cibus. \u201c\u00c9 uma safra f\u00e1cil de trabalhar em laborat\u00f3rio, e uma que estamos vendendo diretamente.\u201d<\/p>\n

A Cibus quer ser uma empresa baseada em caracter\u00edsticas trabalhando com parceiros. Ela tamb\u00e9m est\u00e1 trabalhando em programas para linho, arroz e batatas. As batatas s\u00e3o menos propensas \u00e0 requeima \u2014 a doen\u00e7a f\u00fangica por tr\u00e1s da fome da batata de 1845 \u2014 e seu arroz e linho tamb\u00e9m s\u00e3o tolerantes a herbicidas.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Os cientistas est\u00e3o fazendo avan\u00e7os incr\u00edveis na cria\u00e7\u00e3o de solu\u00e7\u00f5es de melhoria de culturas agr\u00edcolas de longo prazo por meio da modifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos materiais gen\u00e9ticos de\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":110,"featured_media":62020,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1688,21,1846],"tags":[554],"class_list":["post-62019","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genetics","category-seeds-traits","category-sustainability","tag-featured"],"yoast_head":"\nThe Meteoric Rise of Genomics - AgriBusiness Global<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Scientists are making incredible strides in creating long-term agricultural crop improvement solutions through the modification of the genetic materials\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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