{"id":64772,"date":"2019-08-17T11:51:28","date_gmt":"2019-08-17T15:51:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.agribusinessglobal.com\/?p=64772"},"modified":"2021-06-14T15:38:41","modified_gmt":"2021-06-14T19:38:41","slug":"is-zero-budget-natural-farming-right-for-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.agribusinessglobal.com\/pt\/agrochemicals\/is-zero-budget-natural-farming-right-for-india\/","title":{"rendered":"A agricultura natural com or\u00e7amento zero \u00e9 adequada para a \u00cdndia?"},"content":{"rendered":"

O governo da \u00cdndia est\u00e1 promovendo um m\u00e9todo de agricultura que pretende uma atividade agr\u00edcola livre de produtos qu\u00edmicos, conhecida como Agricultura Natural de Or\u00e7amento Zero (ZBNF). A realidade da agricultura sem fertilizantes e agroqu\u00edmicos\/pesticidas pode ter enormes implica\u00e7\u00f5es para a agricultura na \u00cdndia.<\/span><\/p>\n

Os veteranos da \u00e1rea de insumos agr\u00edcolas levantaram uma s\u00e9rie de quest\u00f5es sobre o assunto, \u00e0s quais Pradip Dave, Presidente da Associa\u00e7\u00e3o de Fabricantes e Formuladores de Pesticidas da \u00cdndia (PMFAI)<\/a>, respondeu dando sua opini\u00e3o. Abaixo est\u00e3o suas respostas a essas perguntas e o efeito que o ZBNF poderia ter na ind\u00fastria.<\/span><\/p>\n

P. O governo est\u00e1 promovendo a Agricultura Natural de Or\u00e7amento Zero. Quais s\u00e3o suas opini\u00f5es?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Agricultura Natural de Or\u00e7amento Zero (ZBNF) sendo incentivada pelo governo da \u00cdndia com a expectativa de que isso possa ajudar a dobrar a renda dos agricultores. \u00c9 muito cedo para prever qualquer impacto positivo da ZBNF, pois a ideia de promover essa abordagem em larga escala foi contemplada pelo governo muito recentemente. Agricultura Natural de Or\u00e7amento Zero \u00e9 um m\u00e9todo que pretende atividade agr\u00edcola livre de produtos qu\u00edmicos, ou seja, agricultura sem uso de fertilizantes, agroqu\u00edmicos\/pesticidas (inseticidas, fungicidas, herbicidas, etc.)<\/p>\n

Primeiro de tudo, embora seja chamado de Agricultura de Or\u00e7amento Zero, na realidade o ZBNF n\u00e3o \u00e9 Agricultura de Or\u00e7amento Zero, pois as principais despesas s\u00e3o incorridas em \u00e1gua, eletricidade, bombas, sementes, m\u00e3o de obra, etc. At\u00e9 mesmo insumos org\u00e2nicos como esterco de vaca, urina de vaca e compostos t\u00eam um custo, pois a maioria dos fazendeiros n\u00e3o tem suas pr\u00f3prias vacas, particularmente os fazendeiros marginais com pequenas propriedades de terra. O vermicomposto, que \u00e9 usado na agricultura org\u00e2nica, \u00e9 um insumo muito caro. Al\u00e9m disso, a agricultura natural ou org\u00e2nica \u00e9 sempre intensiva em m\u00e3o de obra, o que aumenta ainda mais o custo de produ\u00e7\u00e3o. Tamb\u00e9m h\u00e1 custos indiretos envolvidos em termos de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o do gado, m\u00e3o de obra, etc. para produzir esterco de vaca, urina de vaca. Para a agricultura em \u00e1reas de terras mais altas de mais de quatro acres ou mais, praticamente, o m\u00e9todo de agricultura ZBNF ser\u00e1 muito dif\u00edcil, considerando a alta exig\u00eancia de quantidade de insumos org\u00e2nicos.<\/p>\n

At\u00e9 a d\u00e9cada de 1950, a agricultura indiana era org\u00e2nica, sem uso de fertilizantes qu\u00edmicos e pesticidas. Durante aqueles anos, a na\u00e7\u00e3o estava enfrentando pobreza devido \u00e0 escassez aguda de produ\u00e7\u00e3o agr\u00edcola e dependia de importa\u00e7\u00f5es de gr\u00e3os de na\u00e7\u00f5es agr\u00edcolas globais.<\/p>\n

O crescimento agr\u00edcola da \u00cdndia s\u00f3 aconteceu com o uso de fertilizantes qu\u00edmicos e pesticidas ap\u00f3s a d\u00e9cada de 1960. A Revolu\u00e7\u00e3o Verde da \u00cdndia, que come\u00e7ou na d\u00e9cada de 1960, levou a um aumento na produtividade alimentar com o uso de tecnologias, incluindo fertilizantes, pesticidas e sementes de qualidade. (Houve) um crescimento acelerado na produ\u00e7\u00e3o agr\u00edcola da \u00cdndia desde 2000. Enquanto o crescimento entre 1970 e 2000 foi da ordem de $76 bilh\u00f5es; o crescimento entre 2000 e 2014 foi da ordem de $ 266 bilh\u00f5es. Atualmente, a \u00cdndia ocupa o segundo maior pa\u00eds do mundo, superando os EUA, Brasil, etc. em termos de produ\u00e7\u00e3o agr\u00edcola com um valor de $367 bilh\u00f5es e o oitavo maior em exporta\u00e7\u00f5es agr\u00edcolas com um valor de $35 bilh\u00f5es.<\/p>\n

O Banco Mundial mencionou em maio de 2014 \u2014 \u201cA \u00cdndia provocou uma revolu\u00e7\u00e3o agr\u00edcola hist\u00f3rica que transformou a na\u00e7\u00e3o de uma depend\u00eancia cr\u00f4nica de importa\u00e7\u00f5es de gr\u00e3os em uma pot\u00eancia agr\u00edcola global que agora \u00e9 uma exportadora l\u00edquida de alimentos.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Na \u00cdndia, atualmente, o consumo de pesticidas por hectare \u00e9 um dos mais baixos do mundo, ficando em 0,6 kg\/ha, contra a m\u00e9dia global de consumo de 3 kg\/ha e 17 kg\/ha de consumo na China, 12,5 kg\/ha de consumo no Jap\u00e3o; 4,5 kg\/ha de consumo nos EUA, 3,7 kg\/ha de consumo na Alemanha e Fran\u00e7a e 2,8 kg\/ha de consumo no Reino Unido.<\/p>\n

A \u00cdndia est\u00e1 perdendo quase um quinto de nossas colheitas para pragas de insetos, doen\u00e7as e ervas daninhas a cada ano e o valor das colheitas perdidas \u00e9 estimado em mais de Rs.90.000 crores (em 2009), de acordo com as pr\u00f3prias estat\u00edsticas do governo. Enquanto nossa popula\u00e7\u00e3o atualmente \u00e9 de 130 crores, espera-se que chegue a 150 crores at\u00e9 2030. Ritmar nossa produ\u00e7\u00e3o agr\u00edcola at\u00e9 esse ponto \u00e9 muito importante, particularmente em uma era de mudan\u00e7as clim\u00e1ticas e redu\u00e7\u00e3o constante de terras agr\u00edcolas devido \u00e0 urbaniza\u00e7\u00e3o e \u00e0s necessidades de moradia, o que for\u00e7a a convers\u00e3o de terras agr\u00edcolas para usos n\u00e3o agr\u00edcolas.<\/p>\n

Sob tal situa\u00e7\u00e3o, os pr\u00f3ximos tempos dir\u00e3o como a Agricultura Natural de Or\u00e7amento Zero, sem o uso de tecnologias, ajudar\u00e1 ou apoiar\u00e1 a obten\u00e7\u00e3o da seguran\u00e7a alimentar da na\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n

P. Qual ser\u00e1 o efeito imediato sobre os agroqu\u00edmicos (inseticidas, pesticidas, fertilizantes, etc.) no mercado? Voc\u00ea v\u00ea um decl\u00ednio nas vendas no futuro pr\u00f3ximo?<\/strong><\/p>\n

No futuro pr\u00f3ximo, n\u00e3o prevejo nenhuma redu\u00e7\u00e3o do n\u00edvel atual de uso de agroqu\u00edmicos, pois \u00e9 improv\u00e1vel que os agricultores mudem para o modelo ZBNF de agricultura em larga escala, pois o m\u00e9todo ZBNF de agricultura tem produ\u00e7\u00e3o agr\u00edcola imprevis\u00edvel. Em segundo lugar, como mencionado acima, o pa\u00eds j\u00e1 tem um dos menores consumos de pesticidas e apenas 25% a 30% de \u00e1rea cultivada est\u00e1 sob o guarda-chuva de prote\u00e7\u00e3o de cultivos.<\/p>\n

P. De que maneiras os agroqu\u00edmicos podem ser tornados amig\u00e1veis ao solo e \u00e0s plantas, reduzindo o impacto qu\u00edmico na agricultura?<\/strong><\/p>\n

A tecnologia est\u00e1 sempre melhorando. Mol\u00e9culas de baixa dosagem est\u00e3o entrando no mercado. Produtos qu\u00edmicos modernos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o de cultivos t\u00eam modos de a\u00e7\u00e3o exclusivos, baseados nos \u00faltimos avan\u00e7os em ci\u00eancias, e s\u00e3o projetados para atingir pragas e ervas daninhas nocivas com efeitos adversos m\u00ednimos ou inexistentes na sa\u00fade humana ou em esp\u00e9cies n\u00e3o-alvo.<\/p>\n

P. Quais s\u00e3o os desafios no processo ZBNF?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Combater qualquer grande incid\u00eancia de ataques de pragas e atender aos nutrientes necess\u00e1rios para as plantas para atingir a produtividade desejada ser\u00e3o os principais desafios. Se o m\u00e9todo falhar nessa frente, os fazendeiros podem perder seus investimentos e principalmente os pequenos fazendeiros (que s\u00e3o a maioria) n\u00e3o podem arcar com as perdas.<\/p>\n

Al\u00e9m disso, as sementes semeadas na agricultura natural sem tratamentos tendem a afetar o solo. As sementes podem sofrer danos mec\u00e2nicos durante o processamento e essas sementes danificadas abrem caminho para esporos de fungos para contamina\u00e7\u00e3o de sementes. Pode haver ataque de fungos em sementes danificadas, o que pode abrir caminho para doen\u00e7as de sementes transmitidas pelo solo.<\/p>\n

Embora haja grandes alega\u00e7\u00f5es de um grande n\u00famero de agricultores adotando o m\u00e9todo de ZBNF, h\u00e1 relatos at\u00e9 mesmo na m\u00eddia de que apenas um punhado de agricultores praticam ZBNF em Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab e Haryana. Os relatos na m\u00eddia mencionam que os distritos de Nagpur, Wardha e Amravati (Maharashtra) t\u00eam apenas alguns agricultores envolvidos neste m\u00e9todo de cultivo. Uma situa\u00e7\u00e3o semelhante existe no Sul, onde o m\u00e9todo ZBNF \u00e9 muito limitado a algumas \u00e1reas dos distritos de Palakkad, Thrissur, Wayanad e Ernakulam, em Kerala. Em Punjab tamb\u00e9m, dificilmente 1.000 de 1 Crore Acres de \u00e1rea de semeadura s\u00e3o utilizados para agricultura natural.<\/p>\n

Sikkim, o estado que pratica agricultura org\u00e2nica, \u00e9 fortemente dependente de outros estados para alimentar seu povo. As fazendas org\u00e2nicas n\u00e3o s\u00e3o consideradas modelos sustent\u00e1veis devido \u00e0 baixa produtividade e \u00e0 grande necessidade de adubos org\u00e2nicos. No final, os fazendeiros org\u00e2nicos s\u00e3o compelidos a vender os produtos a um pre\u00e7o premium.<\/p>\n

P. Voc\u00ea acha que o ZBNF pode ser um sucesso na agricultura indiana, melhorando a sa\u00fade das planta\u00e7\u00f5es?<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00e3o foi comprovado cientificamente que o m\u00e9todo de cultivo ZBNF melhora a sa\u00fade das planta\u00e7\u00f5es. Institui\u00e7\u00f5es de pesquisa e universidades agr\u00edcolas ainda est\u00e3o estudando esse aspecto e tamb\u00e9m experimentando o m\u00e9todo em v\u00e1rias planta\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p>\n

Ao olharmos para tr\u00e1s, a experi\u00eancia pr\u00e9-1960 n\u00e3o \u00e9 encorajadora. A alega\u00e7\u00e3o do novo m\u00e9todo de ZBNF ainda n\u00e3o provou a capacidade de sequer manter a produtividade agr\u00edcola, embora a necessidade do momento seja aumentar a produtividade em ritmo com o crescimento populacional. Pelo que entendi, institui\u00e7\u00f5es de pesquisa cient\u00edfica como o Conselho Indiano de Pesquisa Agr\u00edcola (ICAR) ainda est\u00e3o estudando os m\u00e9todos de ZBNF praticados em basmati e trigo, etc., avaliando o impacto na produtividade, economia e sa\u00fade do solo, incluindo carbono org\u00e2nico do solo e fertilidade do solo. Relat\u00f3rios de mercados de Andhra Pradesh e Maharashtra dizem que os agricultores voltaram \u00e0 agricultura convencional depois de verem seus retornos de ZBNF ca\u00edrem.<\/p>\n

A comunidade cient\u00edfica na \u00cdndia n\u00e3o tem certeza sobre o impacto da Agricultura Natural de Or\u00e7amento Zero devido \u00e0 falta de an\u00e1lise cient\u00edfica e tamb\u00e9m ao anonimato.<\/p>\n

Considerando a situa\u00e7\u00e3o acima, n\u00e3o estou otimista sobre o sucesso do ZBNF na agricultura indiana, particularmente na agricultura em terras altas. Olhando para o cen\u00e1rio e as necessidades, j\u00e1 passou da hora de o pa\u00eds visar aumentar a produtividade agr\u00edcola adotando m\u00e9todos comprovados, pois os reveses podem atingir a economia muito duramente. Alimentar a popula\u00e7\u00e3o em constante crescimento ser\u00e1 o maior desafio para a na\u00e7\u00e3o e o governo.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

O governo da \u00cdndia est\u00e1 promovendo um m\u00e9todo de agricultura que visa uma atividade agr\u00edcola livre de produtos qu\u00edmicos, conhecido como Or\u00e7amento Zero Natural\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":112,"featured_media":50812,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,28,18,19,20,5,1846],"tags":[54,1775,1774],"class_list":["post-64772","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-agrochemicals","category-asia","category-fungicides","category-herbicides","category-insecticides","category-markets","category-sustainability","tag-featured-home","tag-zbnf","tag-zero-budget-natural-farming"],"yoast_head":"\nIs Zero Budget Natural Farming Right for India? - AgriBusiness Global<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The government of India is promoting a method of farming which intends chemical-free agricultural activity known as Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF).\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agribusinessglobal.com\/pt\/agrochemicals\/is-zero-budget-natural-farming-right-for-india\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_BR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Is Zero Budget Natural Farming Right for India? 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