{"id":66052,"date":"2020-08-11T09:25:42","date_gmt":"2020-08-11T13:25:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.agribusinessglobal.com\/?p=66052"},"modified":"2020-08-11T09:54:27","modified_gmt":"2020-08-11T13:54:27","slug":"microplastics-in-agriculture-challenges-for-regulation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.agribusinessglobal.com\/pt\/plant-health\/npk\/microplastics-in-agriculture-challenges-for-regulation\/","title":{"rendered":"Micropl\u00e1sticos na Agricultura: Desafios para a Regulamenta\u00e7\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"The

O principal uso de micropl\u00e1sticos adicionados intencionalmente na agricultura s\u00e3o gr\u00e2nulos de nutrientes para fertilizantes de libera\u00e7\u00e3o controlada.<\/p><\/div>\n

Micropl\u00e1sticos, pequenos peda\u00e7os de pl\u00e1stico, com menos de 5 mm de comprimento, ocorrem no ambiente como consequ\u00eancia da polui\u00e7\u00e3o pl\u00e1stica. Os micropl\u00e1sticos s\u00e3o cada vez mais vistos como um problema ambiental de propor\u00e7\u00f5es globais. De fato, a conscientiza\u00e7\u00e3o sobre esse problema est\u00e1 aumentando no desenvolvimento de pol\u00edticas. A quest\u00e3o do micropl\u00e1stico j\u00e1 \u00e9 abordada em alguns regulamentos e instrumentos de pol\u00edtica em n\u00edveis internacional e nacional.<\/p>\n

Embora o foco at\u00e9 o momento tenha sido nos micropl\u00e1sticos no oceano e seus efeitos na vida marinha, os micropl\u00e1sticos na agricultura t\u00eam sido amplamente negligenciados. Recentemente, cientistas descobriram que os solos agr\u00edcolas podem realmente conter mais micropl\u00e1sticos do que as bacias oce\u00e2nicas. As terras agr\u00edcolas provavelmente s\u00e3o os lugares mais contaminados por pl\u00e1stico fora dos aterros sanit\u00e1rios e espa\u00e7os urbanos. H\u00e1 evid\u00eancias que sustentam o fato de que o lodo de \u00e1guas residuais usado como um corretivo do solo tamb\u00e9m pode estar contribuindo para a contamina\u00e7\u00e3o do solo. Fertilizantes feitos de lodo de esgoto, chuva e precipita\u00e7\u00e3o atmosf\u00e9rica s\u00e3o todos caminhos para essas part\u00edculas se depositarem no solo. O impacto a longo prazo pode incluir biodiversidade atrofiada do solo. As pr\u00e1ticas agr\u00edcolas comuns de descarte de cobertura morta de pl\u00e1stico, canos de \u00e1gua e coberturas de estufa de pl\u00e1stico come\u00e7aram a levantar preocupa\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p>\n

Al\u00e9m da contamina\u00e7\u00e3o do solo por micropl\u00e1sticos de v\u00e1rias fontes, os \u201cmicropl\u00e1sticos adicionados intencionalmente\u201d s\u00e3o uma fonte s\u00e9ria adicional que precisa ser considerada. \u201cMicropl\u00e1sticos adicionados intencionalmente\u201d s\u00e3o aqueles adicionados a produtos de consumo e industriais para atender a um prop\u00f3sito funcional. Esses micropl\u00e1sticos s\u00e3o comumente usados na agricultura e na horticultura. O principal uso de micropl\u00e1sticos adicionados intencionalmente na agricultura s\u00e3o gr\u00e2nulos de nutrientes para fertilizantes de libera\u00e7\u00e3o controlada (por exemplo, controlando a taxa na qual o am\u00f4nio \u00e9 convertido em nitrato). Esses gr\u00e2nulos s\u00e3o um revestimento frequentemente composto de um pol\u00edmero como polissulfona, poliacrilonitrila ou acetato de celulose, que encapsula combina\u00e7\u00f5es de nutrientes para fertiliza\u00e7\u00e3o. As part\u00edculas de pol\u00edmeros sint\u00e9ticos que potencialmente constituem micropl\u00e1sticos tamb\u00e9m s\u00e3o usadas em aplica\u00e7\u00f5es agr\u00edcolas adicionais, como pol\u00edmeros utilizados para produtos de prote\u00e7\u00e3o de plantas (PPPs) de suspens\u00e3o de c\u00e1psulas, revestimentos de sementes, pol\u00edmeros sol\u00faveis em \u00e1gua para remedia\u00e7\u00e3o do solo e absorventes de \u00e1gua. Al\u00e9m disso, aplica\u00e7\u00f5es onde micropl\u00e1sticos est\u00e3o potencialmente contidos incluem corretivos de solo, que podem aumentar a capacidade de reten\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00e1gua dos solos, aumentando a efici\u00eancia do uso da \u00e1gua, reduzindo a frequ\u00eancia de irriga\u00e7\u00e3o e aumentando a permeabilidade do solo. Considerando as preocupa\u00e7\u00f5es do uso de micropl\u00e1sticos na agricultura, pode ser necess\u00e1rio encontrar t\u00e9cnicas alternativas.<\/p>\n

V\u00e1rios peri\u00f3dicos cient\u00edficos focam no impacto dos micropl\u00e1sticos em solos, sedimentos e \u00e1gua doce e no efeito negativo de longo prazo que eles podem ter em tais ecossistemas. A polui\u00e7\u00e3o terrestre por micropl\u00e1sticos \u00e9 muito maior do que a polui\u00e7\u00e3o marinha por micropl\u00e1sticos. Cientistas estimam que um ter\u00e7o de todos os res\u00edduos pl\u00e1sticos acabam em solos ou \u00e1gua doce. A maior parte desse pl\u00e1stico se desintegra em part\u00edculas menores que 5 mm, e estas se decomp\u00f5em ainda mais em nanopart\u00edculas (menos que 0,1 mm). O problema \u00e9 que essas part\u00edculas est\u00e3o entrando na cadeia alimentar. Os micropl\u00e1sticos podem interagir com a fauna do solo, afetando sua sa\u00fade e fun\u00e7\u00f5es do solo. O pl\u00e1stico clorado pode liberar produtos qu\u00edmicos nocivos no solo ao redor, que podem ent\u00e3o vazar para as \u00e1guas subterr\u00e2neas ou outras fontes de \u00e1gua ao redor, e tamb\u00e9m para o ecossistema. Isso pode causar uma s\u00e9rie de efeitos potencialmente nocivos nas esp\u00e9cies que bebem a \u00e1gua.<\/p>\n

Abordagem legislativa<\/h2>\n

V\u00e1rios pa\u00edses ao redor do mundo introduziram legisla\u00e7\u00e3o para proibir a fabrica\u00e7\u00e3o de cosm\u00e9ticos e produtos de cuidados pessoais contendo microesferas, que \u00e9 um tipo de micropl\u00e1stico, mas ainda n\u00e3o h\u00e1 legisla\u00e7\u00e3o agroambiental relacionada a micropl\u00e1sticos em vigor. No ano passado, a Ag\u00eancia Europeia de Produtos Qu\u00edmicos (ECHA) avaliou os riscos ambientais e de sa\u00fade representados pelo uso de micropl\u00e1sticos adicionados intencionalmente e divulgou uma proposta de restri\u00e7\u00e3o ao uso de micropl\u00e1sticos para fins agr\u00edcolas. Esta proposta est\u00e1 alinhada com a Estrat\u00e9gia de Pl\u00e1stico da Comiss\u00e3o Europeia de 2018 para reduzir o efeito do pl\u00e1stico como poluente ambiental. Se a restri\u00e7\u00e3o for adotada, todos os importadores e usu\u00e1rios a jusante de subst\u00e2ncias contendo micropl\u00e1sticos adicionados intencionalmente com uma concentra\u00e7\u00e3o igual ou superior a 0,01% (p\/p) dever\u00e3o cumprir a nova legisla\u00e7\u00e3o. A conformidade incluir\u00e1 um per\u00edodo de transi\u00e7\u00e3o para permitir a substitui\u00e7\u00e3o de alternativas biodegrad\u00e1veis, bem como mudan\u00e7as na rotulagem e nos relat\u00f3rios. Isso inclui transi\u00e7\u00f5es ao longo do tempo para alternativas biodegrad\u00e1veis, bem como mudan\u00e7as na rotulagem e nos relat\u00f3rios para produtos derrogados.<\/p>\n

Seguindo em frente<\/h2>\n

Como o resto do mundo poderia definir tal pol\u00edtica tamb\u00e9m? Devido \u00e0 complexidade desta quest\u00e3o, n\u00e3o est\u00e1 claro qual pol\u00edtica deve agir primeiro, quais conceitos seriam necess\u00e1rios, quais requisitos s\u00e3o necess\u00e1rios para promover a\u00e7\u00f5es al\u00e9m daquelas j\u00e1 iniciadas, qual \u00e9 a defini\u00e7\u00e3o aceita de micropl\u00e1sticos, etc. Embora v\u00e1rias regulamenta\u00e7\u00f5es abordem pl\u00e1sticos, regulamenta\u00e7\u00f5es concretas sobre micropl\u00e1sticos s\u00e3o insuficientes. O desenvolvimento de estrat\u00e9gias de regulamenta\u00e7\u00e3o para micropl\u00e1sticos deve considerar mais op\u00e7\u00f5es do que a simples adapta\u00e7\u00e3o das estrat\u00e9gias de regulamenta\u00e7\u00e3o existentes para produtos qu\u00edmicos dissolvidos ou mat\u00e9ria suspensa. Possivelmente, estrat\u00e9gias de regulamenta\u00e7\u00e3o inteiramente novas para micropl\u00e1sticos precisam ser desenvolvidas.<\/p>\n

As lacunas de conhecimento sobre fontes, vias de transporte e o destino ambiental dos micropl\u00e1sticos devem ser preenchidas, para definir m\u00e9todos adequados para monitoramento padronizado de micropl\u00e1sticos. A adapta\u00e7\u00e3o da exposi\u00e7\u00e3o e avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de risco para avaliar o risco de micropl\u00e1sticos \u00e9 um dos maiores desafios para regulamenta\u00e7\u00e3o e gest\u00e3o. Os formuladores de pol\u00edticas est\u00e3o muito cientes dos problemas dos res\u00edduos pl\u00e1sticos ambientais, e essas quest\u00f5es j\u00e1 s\u00e3o consideradas em v\u00e1rios documentos regulat\u00f3rios. No entanto, a maioria das regulamenta\u00e7\u00f5es n\u00e3o se refere claramente aos micropl\u00e1sticos. At\u00e9 agora, os formuladores de pol\u00edticas integraram a quest\u00e3o dos micropl\u00e1sticos em algumas diretivas regulat\u00f3rias em n\u00edvel internacional e nacional. Essas regulamenta\u00e7\u00f5es dizem respeito a diversos campos de pol\u00edtica. A pol\u00edtica ambiental fornece uma longa lista de instrumentos, que podem ser adotados para desenvolver mais op\u00e7\u00f5es de gest\u00e3o para a quest\u00e3o dos micropl\u00e1sticos.<\/p>\n

Pol\u00edticas agroambientais relacionadas a micropl\u00e1sticos podem ser necess\u00e1rias para reagir rapidamente quando resultados defens\u00e1veis e validados justificarem uma adapta\u00e7\u00e3o de pr\u00e1ticas agr\u00edcolas para mitigar emiss\u00f5es de micropl\u00e1sticos em solos agr\u00edcolas. A avalia\u00e7\u00e3o da situa\u00e7\u00e3o dos micropl\u00e1sticos e o desenho de pol\u00edticas de mitiga\u00e7\u00e3o requerem pesquisa interdisciplinar, que vincule informa\u00e7\u00f5es de diferentes m\u00e9todos e abordagens. O desenho de pol\u00edticas de mitiga\u00e7\u00e3o eficazes e eficientes requer a considera\u00e7\u00e3o de muitos setores diferentes. Como os pl\u00e1sticos influenciam todas as partes da sociedade, campos \u00fanicos da ci\u00eancia ou pol\u00edtica n\u00e3o podem abordar essa quest\u00e3o individualmente. Isso requer coordena\u00e7\u00e3o integrativa de medidas em diferentes n\u00edveis estatut\u00e1rios, pol\u00edticos, econ\u00f4micos e sociais. Somente a intera\u00e7\u00e3o entre todas as partes interessadas de todos os pa\u00edses resulta em sucesso. Embora atualmente saibamos pouco sobre as consequ\u00eancias dos micropl\u00e1sticos em sistemas agr\u00edcolas, devemos desenvolver e implementar medidas para reduzir ainda mais as emiss\u00f5es.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cientistas descobriram que solos agr\u00edcolas podem, na verdade, conter mais micropl\u00e1sticos do que as bacias oce\u00e2nicas. Terras agr\u00edcolas provavelmente s\u00e3o os lugares mais contaminados por pl\u00e1stico fora de aterros sanit\u00e1rios e espa\u00e7os urbanos.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":112,"featured_media":66040,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[23,21],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-66052","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-npk","category-seeds-traits"],"yoast_head":"\nMicroplastics in Agriculture: Challenges for Regulation - AgriBusiness Global<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Scientists have discovered that agricultural soils could actually hold more microplastics than the ocean basins. Agricultural lands are likely to be the most plastic-contaminated places outside of landfill and urban spaces.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agribusinessglobal.com\/pt\/plant-health\/npk\/microplastics-in-agriculture-challenges-for-regulation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_BR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Microplastics in Agriculture: Challenges for Regulation - AgriBusiness Global\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Scientists have discovered that agricultural soils could actually hold more microplastics than the ocean basins. 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