{"id":67435,"date":"2021-09-26T15:17:16","date_gmt":"2021-09-26T19:17:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.agribusinessglobal.com\/?p=67435"},"modified":"2021-10-01T16:15:17","modified_gmt":"2021-10-01T20:15:17","slug":"gaining-momentum-herbicides-on-the-rise-in-africa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.agribusinessglobal.com\/pt\/agrochemicals\/gaining-momentum-herbicides-on-the-rise-in-africa\/","title":{"rendered":"Ganhando for\u00e7a: herbicidas em ascens\u00e3o na \u00c1frica"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pequenos agricultores na \u00c1frica Subsaariana est\u00e3o cada vez mais se acostumando a usar herbicidas, \u00e0 medida que a realidade se torna mais evidente: os m\u00e9todos tradicionais de remo\u00e7\u00e3o de ervas daninhas n\u00e3o s\u00e3o apenas caros, mas tamb\u00e9m t\u00eam impactos negativos significativos na produtividade.<\/p>\n

Em um continente desesperado para aumentar a produ\u00e7\u00e3o de alimentos para alimentar uma popula\u00e7\u00e3o crescente, usar m\u00e9todos modernos para lidar com o problema das ervas daninhas se tornou primordial, e a maioria dos agricultores est\u00e1 recorrendo aos herbicidas em busca de solu\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p>\n

Embora durante anos o n\u00edvel de apatia e oposi\u00e7\u00e3o aos herbicidas na \u00c1frica tenha sido alto, a mar\u00e9 est\u00e1 mudando, em grande parte devido ao fato de que, al\u00e9m das ervas daninhas tradicionais que existem h\u00e1 anos, o continente est\u00e1 testemunhando um aumento de esp\u00e9cies invasoras, algumas das quais t\u00eam origem na Am\u00e9rica do Sul, Am\u00e9rica do Norte e \u00c1sia.<\/p>\n

Mais criticamente, pesquisas mostraram que o custo das perdas causadas por ervas daninhas e esp\u00e9cies invasoras no setor agr\u00edcola \u00e9 enorme.<\/p>\n

Especialistas agr\u00edcolas calculam que, na \u00c1frica Subsaariana, as ervas daninhas reduzem a produtividade das colheitas em 30% a 40% em m\u00e9dia e, em alguns casos, podem dizimar completamente uma colheita.<\/p>\n

\u201cOs impactos das ervas daninhas s\u00e3o frequentemente ignorados, ao contr\u00e1rio da situa\u00e7\u00e3o com as pragas das culturas, mas t\u00eam impactos semelhantes ou maiores nos rendimentos se n\u00e3o forem controlados\u201d, disse Arne Witt, Coordenador Regional (\u00c1frica e \u00c1sia) de Esp\u00e9cies Invasoras no Centro Internacional de Bioci\u00eancias Agr\u00edcolas<\/a> (CABI).<\/p>\n

Ele acrescentou que, diferentemente das pragas agr\u00edcolas, as ervas daninhas geralmente t\u00eam impactos transversais em v\u00e1rios setores, como produ\u00e7\u00e3o de culturas e pastagens, sa\u00fade humana e animal, recursos h\u00eddricos, biodiversidade, ind\u00fastria do turismo, sistemas de irriga\u00e7\u00e3o, entre outros.<\/p>\n

\u201cA situa\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e1 piorando \u00e0 medida que mais e mais ervas daninhas est\u00e3o sendo introduzidas acidentalmente na \u00c1frica devido a medidas de biosseguran\u00e7a inadequadas\u201d, observou ele.<\/p>\n

Considerando que a capina manual ou capina manual \u00e9 a pr\u00e1tica predominante de controle de ervas daninhas na \u00c1frica Subsaariana, estima-se que 50% a 70% do trabalho na produ\u00e7\u00e3o agr\u00edcola seja gasto na capina.<\/p>\n

De fato, 100 milh\u00f5es de mulheres gastam 20 bilh\u00f5es de horas capinando, uma m\u00e9dia de 200 horas por pessoa por ano, enquanto aproximadamente 70% de crian\u00e7as em idade escolar abandonam a escola durante os per\u00edodos de pico de capina para ajudar a controlar plantas invasoras.<\/p>\n

De acordo com um relat\u00f3rio do CABI, esp\u00e9cies invasoras como Bidene pilosa, Parthenium, Striga, Tagetes minuta, Xanthium strumarium, Imperata cylindrical, Chenopodium album, Chloris virgate, Datura ferox, Datura stramonium, Cyperus esculentus, Cyperus rotundus<\/em> s\u00e3o uma maldi\u00e7\u00e3o para os agricultores.<\/p>\n

Em toda a \u00c1frica Oriental, por exemplo, cinco grandes esp\u00e9cies invasoras causam perdas econ\u00f4micas anuais em milho, feij\u00e3o e tomate entre $900 milh\u00f5es e $1,1 bilh\u00e3o. Globalmente, estima-se que esp\u00e9cies invasoras custem \u00e0 economia global mais de $1,4 trilh\u00e3o anualmente.<\/p>\n

Prev\u00ea-se que essas esp\u00e9cies causem perdas anuais nos pr\u00f3ximos cinco a 10 anos de $1 bilh\u00e3o a $1,2 bilh\u00e3o para os 22 milh\u00f5es de lares que dependem dessas culturas na Eti\u00f3pia, Qu\u00eania, Malawi, Ruanda, Tanz\u00e2nia e Uganda.<\/p>\n

\u201c<\/em>Partenio (Parthenium hysterophorus<\/em>), por exemplo, \u00e9 uma planta invasora que, al\u00e9m de causar at\u00e9 90% de perdas de safra na agricultura, \u00e9 venenosa para o gado e causa asma e dermatite graves em pessoas\u201d, afirma o Relat\u00f3rio de A\u00e7\u00e3o do CABI sobre Plantas Invasivas de 2017.<\/p>\n

Ele acrescenta que, na \u00c1frica Oriental, estima-se que as invas\u00f5es de parthenium sozinhas causem perdas econ\u00f4micas de cerca de $81,9 milh\u00f5es entre pequenos produtores de milho misto.<\/p>\n

Embora na virada do s\u00e9culo menos de 3% dos agricultores do continente usassem herbicidas, o uso de produtos qu\u00edmicos para controlar ervas daninhas est\u00e1 rapidamente ganhando for\u00e7a com a percep\u00e7\u00e3o de que o controle aprimorado de ervas daninhas resulta em aumento significativo na produ\u00e7\u00e3o agr\u00edcola.<\/p>\n

Em culturas como milho, algod\u00e3o e trigo, o uso de herbicidas resultou em aumentos de produtividade de at\u00e9 55%, 75% e 80%, respectivamente.<\/p>\n

\u201cOs agricultores perceberam que a remo\u00e7\u00e3o manual de ervas daninhas aumenta o custo de produ\u00e7\u00e3o e isso for\u00e7ou muitos a recorrer aos herbicidas porque s\u00e3o mais baratos, mais r\u00e1pidos e proporcionam melhor controle de ervas daninhas\u201d, disse Andrew Nguyo, agr\u00f4nomo s\u00eanior da Amiran Qu\u00eania<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ele acrescentou que, embora custe em m\u00e9dia $10 para comprar e pulverizar herbicidas seletivos para controlar ervas daninhas antes do plantio por acre, a remo\u00e7\u00e3o manual de ervas daninhas custa em m\u00e9dia $100 por acre.<\/p>\n

Na Tanz\u00e2nia, estudos mostraram que o uso de herbicidas diminuiu a necessidade de m\u00e3o de obra de capina no sistema de enxada manual em 96%, enquanto os cultivadores puxados por animais reduziram a entrada de m\u00e3o de obra em cerca de 90%. Quando os cultivadores puxados por animais s\u00e3o suplementados por herbicida ou enxada manual, a redu\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 de 92% e 55%, respectivamente.<\/p>\n

Al\u00e9m da economia significativa para os agricultores em termos de custos e tempo, os herbicidas t\u00eam outros benef\u00edcios, como preven\u00e7\u00e3o da eros\u00e3o do solo, perda de mat\u00e9ria org\u00e2nica, evapora\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00e1gua e prote\u00e7\u00e3o da biodiversidade.<\/p>\n

Na \u00c1frica Oriental, a importa\u00e7\u00e3o de herbicidas por empresas agroqu\u00edmicas tem aumentado, com glifosato e atrazina sendo os dois herbicidas mais usados. No Qu\u00eania, h\u00e1 28 produtos registrados diferentes \u00e0 base de glifosato.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

De acordo com Witt, embora o uso de herbicidas na \u00c1frica Subsaariana esteja aumentando, o n\u00edvel de conscientiza\u00e7\u00e3o entre os agricultores em termos de quais herbicidas usar e quando, aplica\u00e7\u00e3o e seguran\u00e7a (incluindo armazenamento de produtos qu\u00edmicos e descarte de produtos qu\u00edmicos vencidos) continua muito baixo.<\/p>\n

Essa realidade, somada ao fato de que alguns herbicidas que foram proibidos em outras partes do mundo, especialmente na Europa, est\u00e3o sendo vendidos na \u00c1frica, est\u00e1 alimentando a voz de organiza\u00e7\u00f5es que se op\u00f5em ao seu uso.<\/p>\n

A atrazina, um herbicida amplamente utilizado na \u00c1frica, \u00e9 proibida na Su\u00ed\u00e7a, onde acredita-se que interfira na atividade hormonal em animais e pessoas.<\/p>\n

H\u00e1 tamb\u00e9m uma preocupa\u00e7\u00e3o crescente de que a resist\u00eancia aos herbicidas esteja aumentando a uma taxa exponencial e tamb\u00e9m tenha efeitos colaterais em impactos n\u00e3o direcionados \u00e0 sa\u00fade humana e animal.<\/p>\n

\u201cN\u00f3s encorajamos os agricultores a usar uma variedade de produtos qu\u00edmicos diferentes para evitar resist\u00eancia. Usar o mesmo herbicida por muitos anos pode resultar em algumas esp\u00e9cies de ervas daninhas se tornando resistentes a herbicidas\u201d, observou Witt, acrescentando que mais de 270 esp\u00e9cies de ervas daninhas no mundo todo j\u00e1 s\u00e3o resistentes a herbicidas.<\/p>\n

Embora o uso de herbicidas possa contribuir para a redu\u00e7\u00e3o dos impactos das ervas daninhas na produ\u00e7\u00e3o de alimentos, eles tamb\u00e9m podem ter impactos negativos na biodiversidade e na sa\u00fade humana e animal.<\/p>\n

De fato, embora os herbicidas continuem a desempenhar um papel fundamental no setor agr\u00edcola, os especialistas est\u00e3o explorando outros meios de lidar com essa amea\u00e7a.<\/p>\n

Isso inclui a melhoria dos mecanismos de vigil\u00e2ncia para detectar novas invas\u00f5es precocemente e erradic\u00e1-las ou cont\u00ea-las, a introdu\u00e7\u00e3o de agentes de controle biol\u00f3gico para reduzir as taxas de crescimento, inibir a dissemina\u00e7\u00e3o e conscientizar os agricultores sobre a necessidade de controlar as ervas daninhas durante os per\u00edodos de pousio para evitar o ac\u00famulo de sementes de ervas daninhas nas \u00e1reas de produ\u00e7\u00e3o agr\u00edcola.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pequenos agricultores aprendem e aumentam o uso de pesticidas, proporcionando oportunidades para fabricantes e distribuidores.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":112,"featured_media":62013,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[25,4,19,5],"tags":[554],"class_list":["post-67435","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-africa-middle-east","category-agrochemicals","category-herbicides","category-markets","tag-featured"],"yoast_head":"\nGaining Momentum: Herbicides on the Rise in Africa - AgriBusiness Global<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Smallholder farmers learn about and increase their use of pesticides, providing opportunities for manufacturers and distributors.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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