{"id":69284,"date":"2022-08-02T11:13:55","date_gmt":"2022-08-02T15:13:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.agribusinessglobal.com\/?p=69284"},"modified":"2022-08-10T15:35:01","modified_gmt":"2022-08-10T19:35:01","slug":"exploring-the-possibilities-for-agribusiness-in-central-america-mexico","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.agribusinessglobal.com\/pt\/markets\/exploring-the-possibilities-for-agribusiness-in-central-america-mexico\/","title":{"rendered":"Explorando as possibilidades do agroneg\u00f3cio na Am\u00e9rica Central e no M\u00e9xico"},"content":{"rendered":"

A Am\u00e9rica Central \u00e9 uma \u00e1rea agr\u00edcola diversificada, com seus pa\u00edses constituindo a Bloco SICA<\/a> (The System for Central American Integration), com a adi\u00e7\u00e3o da Rep\u00fablica Dominicana. Fazendo fronteira com o M\u00e9xico ao norte e com a Col\u00f4mbia ao sul, a Am\u00e9rica Central consiste em sete pa\u00edses: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicar\u00e1gua e Panam\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Com duas esta\u00e7\u00f5es de plantio: Primera (abr.-set.) e Postrera (ago.-dez.), climas tropicais dominam a regi\u00e3o com alta umidade e temperaturas com produtores focando em culturas de alto valor. Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras e Nicar\u00e1gua exportam quatro produtos b\u00e1sicos: bananas, caf\u00e9, algod\u00e3o e a\u00e7\u00facar. Outras culturas importantes incluem milho, sorgo, arroz, amendoim e \u00f3leo de palma.<\/p>\n

Os pa\u00edses da Am\u00e9rica Central t\u00eam um produto interno bruto (PIB) prim\u00e1rio m\u00e9dio de 7% para agricultura. Da porcentagem total do PIB da regi\u00e3o, Nicar\u00e1gua (32%) e Guatemala (24%) s\u00e3o os mais dependentes da agricultura. El Salvador, Costa Rica e Honduras juntos totalizam 10% do PIB total da Am\u00e9rica Central.<\/p>\n

O setor agr\u00edcola gera 20% dos empregos no Bloco SICA. Isso foi estimulado exponencialmente pelas exporta\u00e7\u00f5es agroalimentares, que ultrapassaram 50% do com\u00e9rcio internacional total, com um valor acumulado de $11 milh\u00f5es para o SICA. A Guatemala \u00e9 o principal exportador da regi\u00e3o com 28%, a Costa Rica representa 24% e Honduras 16%. Esses tr\u00eas pa\u00edses respondem por 69% das exporta\u00e7\u00f5es agr\u00edcolas do bloco SICA, de acordo com o relat\u00f3rio SICA de 2022.<\/p>\n

Nas \u00faltimas duas d\u00e9cadas, a Guatemala aumentou sua produ\u00e7\u00e3o cultivando 394.000 hectares.<\/p>\n

Em 2020, a Guatemala foi o principal importador de inseticidas, herbicidas e fungicidas, com $197 milh\u00f5es, mas diminuiu as importa\u00e7\u00f5es em 11.53% em 2021.<\/p>\n

Dados da Am\u00e9rica Central<\/a> relataram que a maioria dos pa\u00edses da Am\u00e9rica Central aumentaram as importa\u00e7\u00f5es de inseticidas, herbicidas e fungicidas de 2020 a 2021, com Nicar\u00e1gua (12.49%), El Salvador (25.42%), Panam\u00e1 (6.20%), Costa Rica (1.69%) e Honduras (5.11%), com paraquate, glifosato, atrazina e 2,4-D como os ingredientes ativos mais importados para a regi\u00e3o.<\/p>\n

Para fertilizantes, a Am\u00e9rica Central importa cerca de 1,4 milh\u00f5es de toneladas, com os tr\u00eas maiores importadores sendo Guatemala, Honduras e Costa Rica. Durante o quarto trimestre de 2021, os pa\u00edses da Am\u00e9rica Central gastaram $520 milh\u00f5es em fertilizantes, com 28.94% da China, 23.71% da R\u00fassia, 8.14% do Canad\u00e1 e 6.54% dos Estados Unidos.<\/p>\n

As principais empresas de prote\u00e7\u00e3o de cultivos na Am\u00e9rica Central incluem Agrosolutions Group International (Panam\u00e1), Bayer CropScience<\/a> (El Salvador), FMC<\/a> (Costa Rica), Syngenta<\/a> (Guatemala, Panam\u00e1) e BASF<\/a> (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicar\u00e1gua).<\/p>\n

Desafios na Regi\u00e3o<\/h2>\n

Os pa\u00edses do Tri\u00e2ngulo Norte (El Salvador, Guatemala e Honduras) e a Nicar\u00e1gua est\u00e3o vendo algumas das maiores taxas de homic\u00eddio do mundo fora das zonas de guerra. Os produtores sentiram os efeitos do crime organizado, e houve uma migra\u00e7\u00e3o constante de cidad\u00e3os deixando os pa\u00edses devido \u00e0 viol\u00eancia. Iniciativa de Seguran\u00e7a Regional da Am\u00e9rica Central (CARSI)<\/a> est\u00e1 criando reformas por meio do treinamento de promotores e policiais, bem como de esfor\u00e7os contra gangues e narc\u00f3ticos.<\/p>\n

Outro desafio na regi\u00e3o s\u00e3o as condi\u00e7\u00f5es clim\u00e1ticas extremas. Em 2020, o furac\u00e3o Eta e o furac\u00e3o Iota causaram danos \u00e0 infraestrutura, destruindo planta\u00e7\u00f5es na Am\u00e9rica Central, especificamente em Honduras e Nicar\u00e1gua, com ambos os pa\u00edses se recuperando em 2021.<\/p>\n

A regi\u00e3o tamb\u00e9m enfrenta degrada\u00e7\u00e3o do solo e perda de mat\u00e9ria org\u00e2nica. Aplica\u00e7\u00f5es biol\u00f3gicas para fertilizar, estimular e proteger est\u00e3o sendo usadas em algumas \u00e1reas do bloco SICA.<\/p>\n

Atualiza\u00e7\u00e3o do M\u00e9xico<\/h2>\n

Sendo o M\u00e9xico o quinto maior pa\u00eds das Am\u00e9ricas. A soma total de terras dos pa\u00edses que comp\u00f5em o Bloco SICA equivale a um pouco menos da metade do territ\u00f3rio mexicano.<\/p>\n

A agricultura mexicana usa variedade agroclim\u00e1tica (microclimas), para cultivar 21,2 milh\u00f5es de hectares para agricultura, o que torna o M\u00e9xico o 11\u00ba maior produtor agr\u00edcola do mundo. Existem 371 culturas com valor de exporta\u00e7\u00e3o que o M\u00e9xico pode ou est\u00e1 oferecendo internacionalmente.<\/p>\n

As exporta\u00e7\u00f5es agr\u00edcolas mexicanas bateram recorde em 2021, valendo $44 milh\u00f5es e um aumento de 12.44% em rela\u00e7\u00e3o a 2020, o que significou $39 milh\u00f5es de d\u00f3lares. A balan\u00e7a comercial agroalimentar \u00e9 positiva, relatando um super\u00e1vit de $7 milh\u00f5es de d\u00f3lares.<\/p>\n

O M\u00e9xico e os pa\u00edses do SICA adotam tecnologia dos holandeses, franceses, espanh\u00f3is, israelenses, norte-americanos e canadenses, bem como de empresas mexicanas e centro-americanas que fornecem formula\u00e7\u00f5es em uma mat\u00e9ria \u201ctropicalizada\u201d com especifica\u00e7\u00f5es agron\u00f4micas para muitos microclimas espec\u00edficos nas regi\u00f5es.<\/p>\n

Agricultura Protegida<\/h2>\n

No M\u00e9xico, a agricultura protegida ultrapassou 70.000 hectares no final de 2021. A produ\u00e7\u00e3o de frutas vermelhas ocupou 51% da extens\u00e3o em cinco regi\u00f5es do pa\u00eds com o uso de tecnologias passivas, como o microt\u00fanel. Cinco por cento da extens\u00e3o \u00e9 dedicada a flores, plantas ornamentais ou plantas de valor farmac\u00eautico, com os 44% restantes para vegetais de produ\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n

A horticultura protegida \u00e9 encontrada em todo o pa\u00eds, mas a regi\u00e3o centro-oeste serve como o principal corredor de extens\u00e3o e crescimento para exporta\u00e7\u00f5es internacionais, abrangendo Jalisco, Michoac\u00e1n, Guanajuato, Quer\u00e9taro, Aguascalientes e Zacatecas. O corredor do Pac\u00edfico, onde Sinaloa, Sonora e Nayarit participam, tem uma forte presen\u00e7a nos mercados de inverno-primavera, mas com a desvantagem de ter ciclos de 6 a 8 meses, dependendo da safra.<\/p>\n

As regi\u00f5es de destaque para a produ\u00e7\u00e3o de frutas vermelhas s\u00e3o o sul de Jalisco, Michoac\u00e1n, Guanajuato, Baja California e o norte de Sinaloa. Suas exporta\u00e7\u00f5es exceder\u00e3o $3 bilh\u00f5es at\u00e9 o final de 2022 e, com a abertura de novas regi\u00f5es, a janela comercial se expandir\u00e1 para nove meses.<\/p>\n

Outra cultura de alto valor \u00e9 o abacate, com uma produ\u00e7\u00e3o de 2,45 milh\u00f5es de toneladas e um crescimento anual sustentado de 2,5% por ano, em m\u00e9dia.<\/p>\n

Tamb\u00e9m projetou ultrapassar $3 bilh\u00f5es em vendas no exterior.<\/p>\n

De acordo com a Associa\u00e7\u00e3o de Construtores de Estufas do M\u00e9xico, o M\u00e9xico est\u00e1 uma d\u00e9cada \u00e0 frente em inova\u00e7\u00e3o e tecnologia, em rela\u00e7\u00e3o ao SICA, mas a lacuna est\u00e1 diminuindo rapidamente, onde os vegetais ganham mais espa\u00e7o nas tecnologias hidrop\u00f4nicas, e os componentes din\u00e2micos e automatizados est\u00e3o cada vez mais presentes, permitindo opera\u00e7\u00f5es altamente produtivas e eficientes.<\/p>\n

Desafios no M\u00e9xico<\/h2>\n

A degrada\u00e7\u00e3o do solo e a perda de mat\u00e9ria org\u00e2nica atingiram n\u00edveis alarmantes no M\u00e9xico nos \u00faltimos 10 anos. Tamb\u00e9m h\u00e1 condi\u00e7\u00f5es favor\u00e1veis para a prolifera\u00e7\u00e3o de pragas e doen\u00e7as, o que torna a prote\u00e7\u00e3o de cultivos o maior desafio agron\u00f4mico.<\/p>\n

O M\u00e9xico tem agora menos grupos qu\u00edmicos, devido a problemas de resist\u00eancia. Tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 deficiente na pr\u00e1tica regulat\u00f3ria. Ao contr\u00e1rio do Brasil, onde h\u00e1 esfor\u00e7os para liberar e autorizar patentes que podem contribuir para a emerg\u00eancia global, no M\u00e9xico, os atrasos s\u00e3o causados pela burocracia.<\/p>\n

V\u00e1rias empresas especializadas em biosolu\u00e7\u00f5es<\/a> confirmam que a obten\u00e7\u00e3o do registro pode levar de 16 a 24 meses e, com estudos de efic\u00e1cia, an\u00e1lise e registro oficial (COFEPRIS), os custos giram em torno de $20.000 por produto.<\/p>\n

Mesmo com esses atrasos, o M\u00e9xico est\u00e1 exigindo biosolu\u00e7\u00f5es como uma necessidade e a efic\u00e1cia foi validada. Existem 20 players formais, com vendas brutas anuais, que est\u00e3o entre $1,5 a $11 milh\u00f5es, que juntos atingiram vendas em 2021 de $140 milh\u00f5es.<\/p>\n

Importa\u00e7\u00f5es, Log\u00edstica e M\u00e3o de Obra<\/h2>\n

Em 2021, o M\u00e9xico importou 62% de seus fertilizantes, dos quais 27% eram russos, e com o primeiro m\u00eas de guerra, o pre\u00e7o dos fertilizantes aumentou em 37%.<\/p>\n

O aumento do custo do frete mar\u00edtimo, somado \u00e0 grande demanda por insumos dos mercados internacionais, especialmente os de origem chinesa, causou um aumento exponencial nos quatro herbicidas gen\u00e9ricos que s\u00e3o mais importados pelo SICA e pelo M\u00e9xico (glifosato<\/a>, 2,4-D<\/a>, paraquate<\/a>, e glufosinato de am\u00f4nio<\/a>), observando um aumento variando de 12% a 60%.<\/p>\n

A infla\u00e7\u00e3o elevou a oferta para 300%.<\/p>\n

A log\u00edstica interna agora \u00e9 um desafio complexo, n\u00e3o apenas pelo aumento de despesas, com um aumento anual de 16% p\u00f3s-COVID, mas os ve\u00edculos tamb\u00e9m s\u00e3o limitados e causam atrasos significativos na cadeia de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de produtos perec\u00edveis.<\/p>\n

Manter uma for\u00e7a de trabalho tamb\u00e9m se tornou um grande desafio regional. O M\u00e9xico atingiu metas importantes em termos de justi\u00e7a social, regularizando a for\u00e7a de trabalho dos trabalhadores agr\u00edcolas de acordo com as leis trabalhistas do pa\u00eds e aumentando os sal\u00e1rios que, em alguns casos, excedem 40% em compara\u00e7\u00e3o ao final da \u00faltima d\u00e9cada. Mesmo com essas mudan\u00e7as, muitas pessoas n\u00e3o est\u00e3o mais entusiasmadas em trabalhar no campo. H\u00e1 produtores de frutas vermelhas que n\u00e3o conseguem colher at\u00e9 25% da produ\u00e7\u00e3o, devido \u00e0 inconsist\u00eancia na for\u00e7a de trabalho.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Como um dos maiores fornecedores de alimentos do mundo, a regi\u00e3o oferece aos fabricantes e distribuidores uma enorme oportunidade.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":112,"featured_media":69277,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"Exploring the Possibilities for Agribusiness in Central America, Mexico","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[4,26,5,926],"tags":[554],"class_list":["post-69284","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-agrochemicals","category-americas","category-markets","category-plant-health","tag-featured"],"yoast_head":"\nExploring the Possibilities for 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