欧洲法规的新进展

活性物质 (as) 的批准和衍生植物保护产品 (PPP) 的后续审批在欧洲经历了许多变化。事实上,欧洲监管环境是全球最复杂的监管框架之一。

欧盟 (EU) 的 PPP 注册流程是世界上最科学健全的流程之一,同时也确保了对人类和动物健康以及环境的最高水平保护。

本文的目的是总结将 PPP 项目投放欧盟市场的主要监管程序和框架,以便欧盟以外的利益相关者可以更好地了解欧盟监管框架。

主要批准机构

欧盟的主要授权机构是 27 个成员国、EFSA(欧洲食品安全局)、欧盟委员会和 ECHA(欧盟化学品管理局)。

与 EFSA 和欧盟委员会一起,27 个成员国 (MS) 负责根据商定的统一原则 (UP) 评估活性物质(as)和衍生植物保护产品(PPP)。它们在评估中被称为报告人成员国 (RMS) 或联合报告员成员国 (Co-RMS),在产品评估中被称为区域 RMS (zMRS) 或相关成员国 (cMS)。

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The EU Commission (COM) is the executive branch of the EU and COM decisions are legally binding. Their main duties are to set up the provisions of the legislation (e.g: Regulation 1107/2009), the provision of a.s. information, determination and amendment of maximum residue levels (MRLs), approval or non-approval decisions for a.s., and the preparation of a.s. “Review Report.”

The EFSA is an independent agency responsible for scientific advice and support, working closely with the EU Commission and ECHA. They undertake many tasks within the EU regulatory framework including: The evaluation of Draft Assessment Reports (a.s.), preparation of the “EFSA conclusion,” “Reasoned Opinions,“ and Guidance (administrative) documents as well as setting and controlling MRLs.

The ECHA is the authority responsible of the evaluation of Harmonized Classification and Labelling (CLH) dossiers and works with the industry to ensure sufficient information is available for chemicals placed on the EU market.

一般登记流程

法规 (EC) 1107/2009 provides legislative framework for setting out the rules and procedures for placing PPPs on the EU market and replaced the previous framework Directive 91/414/EEC. The Regulation entered into force on 14 June 2011 and introduced changes in both dossier format, data requirements, and procedures. The Regulation (EC) 1107/2009 also introduced a new hazard-based cut-off criteria, and aim for harmonization of the registration process across the EU. The regulation covers PPPs containing conventional chemical a.s. (e.g: glyphosate, tebuconazole, acetamiprid, etc.) and “biopesticides” (containing micro-organisms, e.g: 苏云金杆菌、白僵菌等和植物提取物)。

除该条例外,还有其他几项立法法案涉及衍生植物保护产品(PPP)的其他监管方面(例如:农药的残留、分类、标签和可持续使用)。还有与法规相关的各种授权和实施法案(例如:建立数据要求、UP、标签规则、批准物质清单等)以及指导文件,详细描述了对条例的不同条款的共同认可的解释和正确执行。

该条例规定了将衍生植物保护产品(PPP)投放市场的两个独立程序:

  1. 欧盟级别的物质审批:. The a.s. must be approved at EU level first, before an application for a product based on this a.s. may be considered. Dossiers submitted for the approval of a.s. must comply with the data requirements set out in Regulation (EU) 283/2013.

At least one use of one representative formulation must be proven safe for human and animal health (including their residues in food) and must not have any unacceptable effects on the environment before an a.s. can be achieved approved status. A non-approval decision may be taken if, for example the a.s. meets cut-off criteria (e.g. CMR Cat 1, PBT, vPvB, etc.) and negligible exposure cannot be demonstrated.

  1. 成员国(MS)级产品授权:. The PPPs must be authorized in each separate MS before they can place on the market. To facilitate the product authorization, the regulation introduced a zonal system evaluation, establishing three regulatory zones (with comparable climatic and agricultural conditions): North, Central, and South. Dossiers submitted for the authorization of PPPs must comply with the data requirements set out in Regulation (EU) 284/2013.

这种两步法背后的理念是欧盟的附属原则。第一步定义了一种物质公认的固有特性(终点),最好在欧盟层面集中处理。而第二(2nd) 步骤(MS 级别的国家授权),单个 PPP 及其使用的风险评估在很大程度上取决于国家农业实践、环境和气候条件以及风险缓解措施,这些最好在国家层级处理。

目前,一项名为“欧洲绿色协议”的新战略正在实施,以促进可持续农业发展并实现欧盟雄心勃勃的气候目标。该战略旨在到 2050 年使欧盟成为第一个气候中性大陆。该战略的核心措施之一是到 2030 年将农药使用和风险减少 50%。

“欧盟绿色协议”和相关的“从农场到餐桌”战略旨在减少对化学农药的依赖并促进使用生物农药(例如含有微生物的 PPP)和所谓的“低风险”物质。

This strategy introduces new data requirements and procedural approaches for biological products contain microorganisms and is applicable from 21 November, 2022. The new data requirements for microorganisms and PPPs containing microorganisms are made considering the latest scientific knowledge and are based on the specific biological characteristics of the microorganisms (e.g.: Commission Regulation (EU) 2022/1439 and Commission Regulation (EU) 2022/1440). The new procedural approach intend to simplify the process of approval and authorization of biological products containing microorganisms.

通过这些举措,欧盟各地的农民将能够更好地获得合成化学农药的生物替代品,从而为农民提供更可持续的保护农作物所需的工具。

登记时间

According to the timelines set out in the Regulation 1107/2009, the evaluation of applications for first approval of an a.s. should take around 2.5 to 3.5 years, from the date of admissibility of the application to the publication of a Regulation on the approval or non-approval of the a.s. However, the practice has shown that the procedure on average takes 3 years and 7 months.

活性物质最初批准的期限是固定的(通常为 10 年,最长为 15 年,具体取决于活性物质 as 的类型)。然后,必须重新评估(更新审批),以确保根据欧盟最新的评估标准,在申请后长达 15 年的时间内,它们不会对人类或环境造成不可接受的风险。续展计划(称为AIR-1 - AIR-5)定义了报告人成员国(RMS)和基于活性物质(a.s.)的特定到期日的所有 a.s. 的提交时限。

根据第 1107/2009 号条例 (EC) 第 33 条的规定,区域报告人成员国(zRMS)的衍生植物保护产品(PPP)首次授权的时间表应为 zRMS 约一年,相关成员国(cMS) 为 120 天。

如果评估过程没有延误(例如:更新评估报告 (RAR) 的准备),则评估更新批准的估计时间表理论上应该需要 2 到 2.5 年左右,要求欧洲食品安全局(EFSA)评估特定区域、内分泌干扰 (ED) 特性、时钟停止、欧盟委员会 COM 投票等)

在更新每个活性物质 (as) 的批准后,所有包含该 as 的产品都必须根据法规 (EC) 1107/2009 第 43 条的规定在 MS 级别重新获得授权。申请人需要尽早开始计划根据新数据打包提交第 43 条,并遵守提交时的数据要求/指导文件。

登记费用

For the approval of a.s. and the registration of PPPs, the applicant must pay fees for the evaluation work of the authorities involved to meet the regulatory standards in Europe. The fees can vary depending on the type of a.s. (low risk a.s., chemical a.s., microorganisms) and the intended product (chemical PPP, biological products), the number of uses in the intended GAP (i.e.: number of target crops and pest to be controlled) and the MS in charge of the evaluation (RMS, zMRS, cMS).

目前正在申请专利的产品;专利即将到期的产品

研究和开发新活性物质(a.s.)衍生植物保护产品(PPP)的公司(称为通知者)花费大量资金准备研究和测试报告,以展示其产品的功效并证明其 a.s. 和 PPP 是安全的。

数据保护规则禁止第三方公司在一定时间内将其他公司的数据用于自己的商业目的,以使公司获得利润。根据《条例》第 59-62 条和第 80 条的法律规定,数据保护规则的实施允许为数据所有者的利益提供一段时期的排他性,这些数据所有者已投资数据生成以支持欧盟市场上的 PPP 授权(欧盟)1107/2009。

在保护期内,未经数据所有者许可(通过授权信函),第三方不得使用受保护的数据来支持其产品授权申请。

只有经过认证符合良好实验室规范 (GLP) 或良好实验规范 (GEP) 的原则,数据保护才能适用于测试和研究报告。公司必须在申请时声明数据保护。

授予的保护期是有限的,通常用于新 a.s. /新 PPP 档案的研究为 10 年,低风险物质为13年,PPP 更新为 30 个月。一旦数据脱离了数据保护,第三方可以使用 a.s./PPP 的数据在欧盟市场注册仿制产品。