{"id":14711,"date":"2009-02-03T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2009-02-03T05:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.farmchemicalsinternational.com\/2009\/02\/03\/clean-air-act\/"},"modified":"2019-09-16T13:47:33","modified_gmt":"2019-09-16T17:47:33","slug":"clean-air-act","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.agribusinessglobal.com\/zh\/industry-news\/clean-air-act\/","title":{"rendered":"\u6e05\u6d01\u7a7a\u6c14\u6cd5"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/air\/caa\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Clean Air Act<\/a> (CAA) has several goals: to protect and improve the nation&#8217;s air resources, thereby fostering public health and welfare; to establish national research and development programs to prevent and control air pollution; to provide technical and financial assistance to state and local governments, enabling them to establish and implement air pollution and control programs; and to promote and assist in the development of regional air pollution control programs.<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">EPA<\/a> was given authority by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.congress.org\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Congress<\/a> to establish regulations to implement the CAA. States were, in turn, delegated authority by EPA to administer certain provisions of the Act. The sections of CAA which have a significant impact on industry include the requirements to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Publish and update a list of criteria pollutants released from stationary or mobile sources (CAA Section 108).<\/li>\n<li>Set &#8220;National Ambient Air Quality Standards&#8221; (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ttn\/naaqs\/\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NAAQS<\/a>) establishing maximum levels for the criteria pollutants (CAA Section 109).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To date, NAAQS have been issued for only six substances: carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter less than 10 microns (PM-10), ozone, and lead.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Promulgate State Implementation Plans (SIP) for implementing, maintaining, and enforcing NAAQS in each quality control region within the states (CAA Section 110); establish permitting programs for modification of existing facilities or construction of new facilities to assure compliance with NAAQS (CAA Section 110).<\/li>\n<li>Set New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) for criteria and designated pollutants from new, modified, or reconstructed stationary source categories. Industrial facilities are subject to NSPSs for their particular performance categories if the facilities are constructed or modified after EPA proposes the NSPSs (CAA Section 111).<\/li>\n<li>Issue regulations to &#8220;Prevent Significant Deterioration&#8221; (PSD) of the air quality (when constructing a major facility) in an &#8220;attainment&#8221; area (where NAAQS are being met) or in an unclassified area. PSD applies to a &#8220;major source&#8221; in any industrial category. The rule defines a major source as a source that has the potential to emit more than 250 tons per year of any single criteria pollutant. The triggering emission threshold is lower (100 tons per year) for a facility classed in one of 28 major stationary source industrial categories specified in CAA.<\/li>\n<li>Establish National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) for listed hazardous pollutants emitted from new and existing sources (CAA Section 112). Between 1970 and 1990, emission limits were set for only eight substances: asbestos, benzene, beryllium, inorganic arsenic, mercury, radionuclides, vinyl chloride, and radon-222. As discussed later, the scope and applicability of the NESHAP program was dramatically expanded by the CAA amendments of 1990. In December 1997, EPA proposed a NESHAP for Pesticide Active Ingredients Production.<\/li>\n<li>Require a New Source permit in non-attainment areas for new stationary sources or when major modifications are made to existing sources. These sources will not only have to meet New Source Performance Standards (NSPS), but will also have to offset the new emissions by a reduction of up to 1.5:1. This is to provide net air quality improvement in these areas (CAA Sections 172, 173).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In general, the pesticide industry must be in compliance with the air quality standards and emission limits of the CAA. Pesticide formulating and manufacturing facilities&#8217; permits will dictate the allowable concentrations of specified pollutants emitted in these operations based on state and federal limits.<\/p>\n<p>There exists the potential for an individual state, based upon its State Implementation Plan (SIP), to regulate application methods which release pesticides, either as particulates or as organic emissions, to the air (e.g., aerial dusting, truck spraying).<\/p>\n<p>Existing federal air regulations which apply to the pesticide and fertilizer industries are found in Title 40 of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.gpoaccess.gov\/cfr\/index.html\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Code of Federal Regulations<\/a>, Part 60 &#8211; EPA Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources. These standards apply to all new or modified facilities.<\/p>\n<p>The following subparts should be consulted:<br \/>\n<strong>Subpart A: <\/strong>General Provisions.<br \/>\n<strong>Subpart C: <\/strong>Emission Guidelines and Compliance Times.<br \/>\n<strong>Subpart G:<\/strong> Standards of Performance for Nitric Acid Plants.<br \/>\n<strong>Subpart K:<\/strong> Standards of Performance for Volatile Organic Liquid Storage Vessels (Including Petroleum Liquid Storage Vessels) for which Construction, Reconstruction, or Modification Commenced after July 23, 1984.<br \/>\n<strong>Subpart T:<\/strong> Standards of Performance for the Phosphate Fertilizer Industry: Wet-Process Phosphoric Acid Plants.<br \/>\n<strong>Subpart U:<\/strong> Standards of Performance for the Phosphate Fertilizer Industry: Superphosphoric Acid Plants.<br \/>\n<strong>Subpart V:<\/strong> Standards of Performance for the Phosphate Fertilizer Industry: Diammonium Phosphate Plants.<br \/>\n<strong>Subpart W:<\/strong> Standards of Performance for the Phosphate Fertilizer Industry: Triple Superphosphate Plants.<br \/>\n<strong>Subpart X:<\/strong> Standards of Performance for the Phosphate Fertilizer Industry: Granular Triple Superphosphate Storage Facilities.<br \/>\n<strong>Subpart HH:<\/strong> Standards of Performance for Lime Manufacturing Plants.<br \/>\n<strong>Subpart NN:<\/strong> Standards of Performance for Phosphate Rock Plants.<br \/>\n<strong>Subpart PP:<\/strong> Standards of Performance for Ammonium Sulfate Manufacturing.<\/p>\n<p>The latest amendments to the Clean Air Act were signed into law in November 1990, and are contained in seven titles: Attainment of Air Quality Standards; Mobile Sources; Air Toxics; Acid Deposition; Permitting; Stratospheric Ozone; and Enforcement.<\/p>\n<p>The EPA issued controversial new air quality standards for ozone (smog) and particulate matter (soot) in July 1997. These more stringent ambient air standards set a 24-hour limit at 65 micrograms per cubic meter for particulate matter and significantly lowered the acceptable concentration levels for ozone. These new requirements will impact agricultural production operations in certain areas of the United States.<\/p>\n<p>The air toxics section is expected to have the most significant impact upon industry, including manufacturers and processors of pesticides and fertilizers. Under the provisions of this title, the procedure whereby EPA regulates air emissions is drastically changed. Under the old Clean Air rules, EPA developed regulations for specific chemicals based upon health standards, after studying each chemical. Using this approach, EPA has regulated only some sources of the eight chemicals listed above under NESHAP. However, under the new Air Toxics provisions, Congress established a list of 189 Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAP). Several pesticides, as well as chemicals used in their production and\/or formulation, are among the HAPs. Congress mandated that EPA publish a compilation of &#8220;major&#8221; and &#8220;area&#8221; (non-major) sources that emit one or more of the HAPs and subsequently establish appropriate emission standards for every category of listed sources. In July 1992 (57 FR 31576), EPA published its initial list of categories and subcategories of sources, and dates by which a standard is to be promulgated. The following are included among the more than 165 major and eight area sources scheduled (promulgation dates shown in parentheses):<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mineral Products Processing (Nov. 15, 2000)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px\">&#160;Lime Manufacturing<\/p>\n<p><strong>Agricultural Chemicals Production (Nov. 15, 1997)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px\">&#160;2,4-D salts and esters<br \/>\n&#160;4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid<br \/>\n&#160;4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol<br \/>\n&#160;Captafol<br \/>\n&#160;Captan<br \/>\n&#160;Chloroneb<br \/>\n&#160;Chlorothalonil<br \/>\n&#160;Dacthal<br \/>\n&#160;Sodium Pentachlorophenate<br \/>\n&#160;Tordon<\/p>\n<p><strong>Inorganic Chemicals Production (Nov. 15, 2000)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px\">&#160;Phosphate Fertilizers<\/p>\n<p>In establishing national standards for industrial air emissions, EPA must determine the best control technology, defined as Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) for a listed pollutant emitted by a certain source category, and then require industries in that category to utilize that technology. These standards are expected to be capable of achieving a 75% reduction in emissions within 10 years.<\/p>\n<p>For new sources, MACT must be at least as tough as the most stringent controls currently in use; for existing sources MACT must be at least as stringent as the average control efficiency of the best controlled 12% of similar sources. Existing sources which voluntarily reduce their emissions to 10% (for organics) or 5% (for particulates) of their 1987 levels will be granted an additional six-year extension. (Final regulations implementing this early reduction program were issued on December 1992 [57 FR 61970-62002].)<\/p>\n<p>Under the Clean Air Amendments, EPA must determine and report to Congress the risk remaining after applying MACT. EPA must establish residual risk standards, with an &#8220;ample margin of safety&#8221; within eight years of MACT promulgation, if needed.<\/p>\n<p>In December 1992, EPA proposed MACT standards governing emissions of 149 HAPs from synthetic organic chemical manufacturing industry (SOCMI) production processes. The proposed rule, referred to as the Hazardous Organic NESHAP, or HON, addresses HAP emissions from both new and existing SOCMI sources and from equipment leaks from a number of specified industrial categories including pesticide production (see 57 FR 62608-62797). It is expected that the requirements in this rule will serve as a model in developing MACT for other sources of air pollution.<\/p>\n<p>The permitting section of the amendments is also expected to have a major impact on industry, including manufacturers and processors of pesticides and fertilizers. Every state is required to establish new permitting rules. Many previously unpermitted sources will be required to obtain the new air permits.<\/p>\n<p>The Federal Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 require each state to establish a Small Business Stationary Source Technical and Environmental Compliance Assistance Program. The implementation of the CAA provisions will require regulation of small businesses to attain and maintain National Ambient Air Quality Standards and control toxic air emissions.<\/p>\n<p>As defined by Section 507 of the CAA amendments of 1990, a small business stationary source:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Is a stationary source that is owned or operated by a person who employs 100 or fewer individuals;<\/li>\n<li>Is a small business concern as defined in the Small Business Act;<\/li>\n<li>Is not a major stationary source;<\/li>\n<li>Does not emit 50 tons or more per year of any regulated pollutant; and<\/li>\n<li>Emits less than 75 tons per year of all regulated pollutants.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Under Section 122(r) of the CAA, facilities that store certain chemicals, such as ammonia, must have risk management plans for preventing accidental releases and emergency response plans. The EPA is expected to promulgate regulations pertaining to Section 122(r) at some time in the future.<\/p>\n<p>Retail crop protection chemical and fertilizer dealers will be impacted by CAA regulations with regard to Volatile Organic Carbon (VOC) and particulate matter (PM-10) emissions. Small businesses are encouraged to contact their state regulatory authority for compliance information.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u6e05\u6d01\u7a7a\u6c14\u6cd5\u6848 (CAA) \u6709\u51e0\u4e2a\u76ee\u6807\uff1a\u4fdd\u62a4\u548c\u6539\u5584\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7a7a\u6c14\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u516c\u4f17\u5065\u5eb7\u2026\u2026<\/p>","protected":false},"author":110,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[489],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14711","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-industry-news"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Clean Air Act - AgriBusiness Global<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Clean Air Act (CAA) has several goals: to protect and improve the nation&#8217;s air resources, thereby fostering public health and welfare; to\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.agribusinessglobal.com\/zh\/industry-news\/clean-air-act\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Clean Air Act - 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