The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 (as amended) regulates the generation, treatment, storage, transportation, and disposal of solid wastes. The EPA definition of “solid waste” is found in 40 CFR 261, and includes solids, liquids, and contained gases that are discarded, when they are not excluded based on a variance from the EPA or based on one of several recycle/reuse provisions.
当固体废物被包含在以下列表之一中时，根据 RCRA（如果它们不受任何排除），它们被定义为危险：
F表 – Hazardous wastes from nonspecific sources (40 CFR 261.31). Five wastes from pesticide manufacturing or use, and three from wood preserving processes are included.
K表 – Hazardous wastes from specific sources (40 CFR 261.32). One waste from wood preservation and 22 from pesticide manufacture are listed.
P表 – Acutely hazardous commercial chemical products (40 CFR 261.33[e])
U表 – Toxic and other commercial chemical products (40 CFR 261.33[f]).
P-List 和 U-List 都包含多种商业杀虫剂。
当固体废物满足以下定义的特征之一（40 CFR 261.21 至 261.24）时，它们也具有危险性：
- Ignitability (waste code D001) – Based upon the flashpoint of a liquid waste; for a solid, the capability to cause fire through friction or absorption of moisture, and to burn vigorously and persistently; solids that meet the 49 CFR (DOT) definition of oxidizer; and compressed gases that are ignitable under the DOT definition.
- Corrosivity (waste code D002) – Liquid wastes that have a pH of £2 or Š12.5, or that corrode steel at a rate of greater than 0.25 inch per year.
- Reactivity (waste code D003) – Wastes that are unstable and readily undergo violent change; that react violently with water or when mixed with water generate toxic vapors or fumes; that are cyanide or sulfide bearing and can generate toxic gases, vapors, or fumes at pH conditions between 2 and 12.5; that are readily capable of detonation or explosion at standard temperature and pressure if subjected to a strong initiating force or if heated under confinement; or DOT forbidden explosives, Class A or B explosives.
- Toxicity (waste codes D004-D043) – Liquid wastes or the extract from waste solids that fail the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) analytical test because they contain certain designated metals, pesticides, or organic chemicals at concentrations equal to or in excess of specified regulatory limits.
以下是可根据 RCRA 进行监管的农药废物示例：
- 被丢弃的、未使用的杀虫剂，无论是原药还是制剂，已被列出或符合危险废物的一项或多项特征。含有超过一种所列活性成分的配方杀虫剂目前在处置时不必归类为危险废物，除非该配方（包括惰性成分）符合危险废物的特征。法规中的这一漏洞有望在未来被 EPA 填补；
- 根据农药/冲洗液的 RCRA 分类，从桶、罐或容器中丢弃的残留物或冲洗液；
- 装有已列名农药或装有具有危险废物特征的农药的非空农药容器。对于极度危险的农药（P-List），容器或容器的内衬在处置时也是极度危险的废物，除非它们已经用适当的溶剂进行三次冲洗；
- 农药残留物，包括污染的土壤、水或因清理溢出的农药而产生的其他碎屑。
化肥废物也可以类似的方式进行监管。 RCRA 法规明显排除了湿法酸法生产磷酸过程中产生的两种工艺废物：磷石膏和工艺废水。因此，根据 RCRA，这些废物均不被视为危险，即使它们通常表现出一种或多种特性。 EPA 承认磷酸生产过程和相关废物对人类健康和环境构成风险，并打算利用其 TSCA 授权设计特定的监管计划来管理这些废物。
为了了解必须如何管理此类受管制的农药废物，生产者必须首先确定它属于三类中的哪一类。 （请注意，并非所有州都认可小批量发电机。）这三类是：
- 发电机的 不多于 100 kilograms (kg) of hazardous waste or 1 kg of acutely hazardous waste (P-listed commercial chemical products) per month (including no more than 100 kg of clean-up debris from cleaning up a spill of an acutely hazardous waste). This class is also known as “Conditionally Exempt” Small Quantity Generator.
- 每月产生 100 至 1000 公斤危险废物的产生者，同月产生的急性危险废物（或 100 公斤溢出清理碎片）不超过 1 公斤，并且现场累积量从未超过 6000 公斤.
- 每月产生 1000 公斤或更多危险废物或超过 1 公斤极度危险废物的产生者。
"Conditionally Exempt” Small Quantity Generator. As discussed above, this category encompasses generators of less than 100 kg of hazardous waste, and less than 1 kg of acutely hazardous waste in any given month. “Conditionally Exempt” Small Quantity Generators must do the following:
- 识别所有产生的危险废物。
- 将此废物送至危险废物设施，或送至垃圾填埋场或国家批准用于处理工业或城市废物的其他类型的设施。
- 切勿累积超过 1000 公斤的危险废物。如果在任何时候超过此数量，则发电机将符合 100-1000 公斤小量发电机的所有要求。
- Never accumulate more than 1 kg of acutely hazardous waste or 100 kg of spill clean-up of an acutely hazardous waste. If either of these quantities is exceeded, a generator must follow all of the regulations of the third category of generator – a Large Quantity Generator.
其他发电机。 第二类和第三类发电机均受全面监管，但对 100 至 1000 公斤发电机的要求有所降低。因此，他们必须通知 EPA 他们是发电商，并且必须获得 EPA 识别号。未经 RCRA 许可，不得储存危险废物。但是，EPA 法规允许在特定条件下在指定时间（见下文）内未经许可在容器或罐中储存。 （参见 40 CFR 262.34。）
When wastes are stored in containers, the containers must be labeled with the words, “HAZARDOUS WASTE,” and must be marked with the date on which wastes began to accumulate in that container. The containers must be kept closed, must be in good condition, and must be inspected weekly for signs of corrosion, leaks, bulges, etc. When storing hazardous wastes which are classified as either ignitable or reactive, a buffer zone must be maintained from the property line and the containers must be kept away from sources of ignition. Furthermore, care must be taken to prevent mixing of wastes that are incompatible, or that will react to generate extreme heat or pressure, fire, explosion, or that will produce flammable or toxic mists, fumes, dusts, or gases.
如上所述，在某些情况下，废物也可以在未经许可的情况下储存在罐中。虽然与集装箱的规定类似，但罐式储存的规定更为广泛，这里不再赘述。
小量发电机，即 100-1000 公斤/月，必须在 180 天内将废物运到场外或就地处理。如果必须将废物运送到位于 200 英里以外的处理、储存或处置 (TSD) 设施，则可能允许额外 90 天（总共 270 天）。大批量生产者必须在 90 天内将废物运出场外或就地处理。
运输要求。 要装运的危险废物必须按照美国 DOT 规定进行包装，并且用于运输危险废物的每个容器（圆桶、便携式罐车、油罐车或油罐车）必须按照这些规定进行标签、标记和标牌相同的规则。除了任何要求的 DOT 标记外，每个 110 加仑或以下的容器必须带有以下图例：
HAZARDOUS WASTE — Federal Law Prohibits Improper Disposal. If found, contact the nearest police or public safety authority or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Generator’s Name and Address
舱单文件编号
农药、残留物和冲洗液的丢弃通常受 RCRA 监管。但是，空容器的处置要求由 EPA 根据 FIFRA 强制执行。这些要求可在产品标签上的容器处置说明中找到。但是请注意，如果农民按照 FIFRA 标签说明对每个容器进行三次冲洗并在自己的农场处理农药残留，则他们处理自己使用的废弃农药可免除 RCRA。
一旦杀虫剂、制造过程废物、冲洗液或未空容器被确定为 RCRA 危险废物，则必须根据 RCRA 要求对废物进行管理。
重要的是要认识到一些州的 RCRA 要求比联邦 RCRA 的要求更严格。一些州还有 DOT 要求，这些要求是对联邦 DOT 要求的补充。
The EPA’s first rules establishing a schedule and implementing the first of the Land Disposal Restrictions (LDRs) were published in November 1986. EPA defined land disposal to include, but not be limited to, any placement of hazardous waste in:
- 垃圾填埋场；
- 垃圾堆；
- 注入井；
- 土地处理设施；
- 盐丘或盐床构造；
- 地下矿山或洞穴；或者
- 用于处置目的的混凝土拱顶或掩体。
The LDR rules were issued in segments over a five-year period, and the first covered solvents and dioxins, then “California List Wastes,” i.e., halogenated wastes, certain metal-bearing wastes, PCBs, cyanides, and corrosive wastes. The restricted wastes were further expanded during this period to include “F,” “K,” “P,” and “U” hazardous waste codes, and finally certain characteristic “D” wastes.
大多数列出的危险废物已由 EPA 指定了特定的处理标准，除非达到指定的处理标准，否则不得进行土地处置。特征性废物 D001、D002 等，包括根据工艺知识和/或 TCLP 测试数据具有危险性的特征性含金属或农药的废物，受 LDR 约束，必须进行处理。处理后的废物，如果通过 TCLP 测试，则可以进行土地处置。然而，一些危险废物流是豁免的，因为它们在 LDR 规则通过后受到监管（新监管流）。这些将在未来受到监管。
The LDRs require that the generator know which bans and which treatment standards apply to his waste and also notify the treatment or disposal facility, in writing, that specific LDR treatment standards apply to his wastes. The generator must certify that land disposal of the waste is allowed when the treatment standards are already met. Typically, a disposal facility will provide the waste generator with an “LDR” or “Land Ban” form to complete and sign to fulfill the notification requirement. The generator should keep a copy of this form with the manifest copy.
For some pesticides on the “P” and “U” lists, treatment standards have not yet been developed by EPA. These wastes must be stored at a permitted hazardous waste storage facility until a treatment standard is finalized.