AgbioInvestor 的德里克·奥利芬特 (Derek Oliphant) 在最近一期的《埃及》中写道，埃及有着 5000 多年的历史，经历了重大的变化和挑战。 AgriBusiness Global DIRECT. In the late 19th century, Britain took control of the country, but Egypt gained independence in 1922. One major development in the country’s history was the construction of the Aswan High Dam in 1971, which created Lake Nasser and had a profound impact on agriculture.
埃及是阿拉伯世界人口最多的国家，这对其有限的自然资源造成了巨大压力。人口增长，加上中东冲突造成的政治不稳定，给该国带来了挑战。经过一段时期的军事统治后，埃尔西西总统于2014年当选，并于2018年连任。
Agriculture plays a significant role in Egypt’s economy, accounting for 11.5% of GDP and employing 20.6% of the workforce. However, the sector faces limitations due to water scarcity. Efforts have been made to expand agriculture into the desert regions east and west of the Nile to increase cultivable land. The country’s agricultural policy aims to balance the production of crops for export to support the economy with the need to feed a growing population.
埃及拨出大量预算用于食品补贴，其中很大一部分用于面包和糖的供应。农业生产的主要趋势包括在出口需求的推动下，芒果、柑橘类水果、洋葱、海枣和土豆等作物的种植面积增加。然而，棉花、谷物、玉米和水稻等传统作物增长有限。
The country’s agrochemical industry relies heavily on imports, with China being the major source of products. Tunisia, on the other hand, has a free trade agreement with the EU for industrial goods and is working towards a more comprehensive agreement. Agriculture contributes 11.7% to Tunisia’s GDP and employs 13.8% of the labor force. The country faces challenges such as drought and a negative balance of trade for arable products.
Tunisia has banned the importation of genetically modified (GM) crops but allows GM crop research. It is in the process of developing a regulatory framework for the assessment of GM food. The country’s major crops include grains, olives for oil production, fruits, nuts, and vegetables. The agrochemical market in Tunisia is primarily reliant on imports, with France, Spain, Germany, the UK, and Italy being the main sources.
Zambia gained independence from Britain in 1964 but has faced economic uncertainty, political unrest, and dependence on copper exports. The country’s economy is vulnerable to commodity prices, and rural poverty and unemployment are significant issues. Zambia’s agricultural sector focuses on improving crop varieties, efficient use of fertilizers and agrochemicals, and irrigation technology to enhance food security and reduce poverty.
赞比亚政府实施了支持农民的计划，例如粮食储备局和电子农民投入支持计划。然而，农业对GDP的贡献不断下降，政府难以兑现将年度预算10%分配给农业的承诺。该国实施了农场区块发展计划，以促进农业增长并吸引商业农民。
Zambia has limited agrochemical formulation capabilities and relies on imports from major multinational and local companies. The market is led by Chinese and Middle Eastern companies. The country’s climate varies from subtropical to tropical, and irrigation schemes have been implemented to mitigate the volatility of rain-fed production.
In conclusion, Egypt, Tunisia, and Zambia face unique challenges and opportunities in their agricultural sectors. While Egypt grapples with population pressure and limited resources, Tunisia focuses on trade agreements and crop diversification. Zambia’s economy heavily relies on copper exports, and the government aims to improve food security and reduce poverty through agricultural initiatives.
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